美国史学界关于美国建国初期商业组织的研究

美国建国初期的商业组织不仅推动了经济发展,而且对社会民主化进程产生了重要影响。在过去一百多年间,美国史学界涌现出众多研究美国建国初期商业组织的论著。美国史学家围绕商业组织的政策制度、思想意识以及商业组织发展中的社会冲突展开讨论。随着研究的不断深入,学者们将商业组织的发展转变看做一个综合体,涉及社会各层面与领域的因素。在这个意义上,经济史变成了政治史和社会史。政治精英的态度、大股东活动与平民百姓生活都融入商业组织发展转变的叙述中,展现了一个时代的发展。     

民初惩罚女性性犯罪的法律问题

民国初年,国家对女性性犯罪的惩罚较前有所减轻。大理院通过一系列的解释例,对女性的通奸、重婚等性犯罪行为进行了相应的界定,强化女性性犯罪的告诉权;强调"无告诉权不理"、"律无处罚正文,即不为罪"等办案原则,对女性的性犯罪案件进行相应的宽宥处理。但在法律解释及司法实践中,北洋政府却也加强了对女性性犯罪的严格控制。     

Becoming Rafinesque: Market Society and Academic Reputation in the Early American Republic

This article focuses on how knowledge came to be valued in conflicting ways in the American Republic during the 1820s and 1830s – one based on a market model that considered knowledge to be a commodity for sale, and another that produced cultural value through social connections created in new academic institutions. Constantine Rafinesque, who taught at Transylvania University in Kentucky, and his research in the natural sciences serve as an example of the first sort of scholarship. His life also illustrates how a market society could lead to dandies, like Rafinesque himself, even in academia, and how that threatened both new middle class social proprieties and a system of clubby social relations that had come to dominate America’s colleges and universities in the early nineteenth century.     

论罗马共和国早期的执政官

在推翻王政、初建共和的过程中,罗马出现了执政官一职;伴随着共和早期平民争取与贵族平等的政治权利的斗争,其形制逐步完善,官职人选也逐步向平民开放。作为罗马共和国最高的常设官职,执政官的行政与军事大权随着共和政府机构的完善,权限有所削减,部分职能旁落,但始终受制于处于国家权力中心的元老院。     

Friendly Relations: Situating Friendships Between Men and Women in the Early American Republic, 1780–1830

Men and women who became friends in the early American republic struggled with societal worries about the purity and chastity of their friendships. More so than other pairs of friends, heterosocial friends had to attend to how their friendships appeared to those around them. One of the most important ways of doing so was positioning a friendship in relation to spouses. In an era when marriage was the central structure for relations between men and women and fears of seduction and ruin were rampant, friends of the opposite sex needed to integrate their friendships within their marriages. This paper examines how men and women did so through the lens of their correspondence. Navigating a society without clear boundaries or rules for conducting a friendship between a man and a woman, individual pairs of friends improvised to create safe friendships in person and in letters. The careful intertwining of marriages and friendships they created demonstrates the way intimate social relationships were embedded in the social fabric of the early American republic.     

美国新闻界与国会报道自由

美国宪法规定国会对公众开放,但这并不意味着作为人民耳目和代言人的新闻界就能够自由、真实、全面地报道国会的活动了。为此新闻界在众议院和参议院都进行了长期的斗争。新闻界在经历由党派报纸向商业报纸过渡的过程中,持续推动以国会报道自由的形式公开美国国会信息。经过与国会特权、保密行为长达半个多世纪的博弈,终于取得了稳定的驻国会山记者团制度,使美国国会成为最早得到系统信息公开报道的政府部门。