王权与专制主义——以古埃及公共权力的演变为例

王权与专制主义一直是学界关注的理论问题,学者们从不同的角度、以不同的历史为背景对其进行了较为系统的研究。本文试图通过对王权与专制主义这两个概念的考察,结合古埃及各个历史阶段公共权力的演变,剖析王权与专制主义之间的内在联系,认为王权在一定的历史条件下可以发展为专制主义,而专制主义在发展过程中又因不同的历史条件而呈现出不同的特点。     

Lisa K. Sabbahy: Kingship,Power, and Legitimacy in Ancient Egypt: From the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom

African Archaeological Review -     

论战争、王权和意识形态的相互作用

本文将意识形态界定为一种权力,它具有传播性、渗透性、神圣性和超越性。作者从边界概念、等级观念和共同体（国家）意识三方面探讨在战争环境下王权对意识形态的控制和再造及后者对前者的影响。边界概念使人民辨别外敌并认识王权的地域范围;等级观念与权力的互动有助于征服者对权力的垄断;国家意识培养被征服者的认同感和人民的凝聚力。战争征服带来疆土的统一,为王权确定了统治范围;对意识形态的控制与再造带来了观念（至少在形式上）的统一,为巩固王权提供了条件。     

Trade and Power in Ancient Egypt: Middle Egypt in the Late Third/Early Second Millennium BC

Middle Egypt provides a unique insight into the organization of power, politics, economy, and culture at the turn of the third millennium BC. The apparently easy integration of this region into the reunified monarchy of king Mentuhotep II (2055–2004 BC) was possible because the interests and the local lineages of potentates were preserved. Trade and access and/or control of international exchange networks were important sources of wealth and power then. And Middle Egypt appears as a crossroads of diverse populations, as a hub of political and economic power, as a crucial node of exchanges through the Nile Valley, and as a power center whose rulers provided support to the monarchy in exchange of local autonomy and considerable political influence at the Court. In the new conditions of early second millennium, potentates from Middle Egypt succeeded in occupying a unique advantageous position, not matched elsewhere in Egypt, because of the concentration of wealth, trade routes, new technologies, political power, and autonomy in the territories they ruled.     

Islam and Politics: Egypt,Algeria, and Tunisia

This paper is dedicated to the memory of my dear daughter, Amal, who died on May 8, 1994, of cancer and pneumonia at the age of 29, leaving behind two little children.     

古代两河流域宗教中的生死信仰1

古代两河流域先民认为人类的生命是由神创造并为神服务的,人类没有永生,死亡是命中注定的;生命的意义在于追求名誉和为神服务;人死后亡灵都要进入地下世界,地下世界是黑暗凄凉、阴森恐怖而不值得向往的。这种生命信仰和死亡信仰反映在祭司神学集团编造出的一系列神话、史诗等宗教文学中,二者互为补充,共同发挥着宣扬宗教教义的文化功能。     

Crafters of Kingship: Smiths,Elite Power,and Gender in Early Medieval Europe

IN THE EARLIEST CENTURIES of the Middle Ages, skilled metalsmiths were greatly valued by cult leaders who required impressive objects to maintain social links and the loyalty of their retainers. Despite their clear importance, smiths were peripheral characters operating on the fringes of elite communities. Such treatment may reflect an attempt to limit the influence of metalworkers, whose craft was seen as supernatural and who themselves were probably spiritual figureheads; archaeological evidence associates smiths and their tools in symbolic processes of creation and destruction, not only of objects but also of buildings and monuments. The Church clearly appropriated these indigenous practices, although conversion eventually saw the pre-eminence of the sacred smith and their practice wane. Anthropological study provides numerous comparators for skilled crafters acting as supernatural leaders, and also suggests that as part of their marginal identity, smiths may have been perceived as a distinct gender.     

(De)queering Hatshepsut: Binary Bind in Archaeology of Egypt and Kingship Beyond the Corporeal

The representations of Egyptian female king Hatshepsut are, as a consequence of a binary heteronormative sex/gender bind, continuously queered in scholarship. Statements on her body and identity are often made by directly equating her representations with the corporeal. This paper offers a critique of the heteronormative interpretations of Hatshepsut, which often identify her as a cross-dresser, gender-bender or “woman with a beard.” An alternative approach will be attempted with the discussion of her imagery in the context of queer and Actor Network theoretical encounters. This paper argues that the binary bind of the sex/gender system can be traversed through a complex network of actants, including bodies, ancestors, relatives, gods, and material culture.     

The Urban Sensorium: Space, Ideology and the Aestheticization of Politics

This essay outlines a theoretical framework for investigating the links between the production of urban space (Lefebvre) and the production of ideology (Althusser) and hegemony (Gramsci) by proposing the concept of “the urban sensorium”. With a view to the aesthetics of urban experience and everyday life, this concept aligns Fredric Jameson's “postmodern” adaptation of city planner Kevin Lynch's research on “cognitive mapping” with Walter Benjamin's insights on “aestheticizing politics” in order to ask: how does urban space mediate ideology and produce hegemony while aestheticizing politics? In so doing, the spotlight falls on a conceptual constellation including four key theoretical terms: “ideology”, “aesthetics”, “mediation” and “totality”. While working through them, the essay argues that Jameson's outstanding contribution to a spatialized understanding of “postmodernism” lies above all in his Marxist (Lukácsian, Althusserian and Sartrean) theorization of mediation and totality; whereas radical students of the city can find the richest dialectical elaboration of these two concepts with special attention to space and urbanism in the oeuvre of Henri Lefebvre, especially in the recently translated The Urban Revolution.     

古代两河流域智慧文学研究综述

在古代两河流域文学的早期研究中,"智慧文学"这个术语被学者们广泛使用,很少有人提出质疑,直到英国学者兰伯特《巴比伦智慧文学》的出版,情况才有了转变。一些学者开始采用"说教文学"以取代"智慧文学"的使用;另有一些学者则完全放弃使用类似的术语,把考察作品的智慧主题作为研究的出发点。笔者认为,无论"智慧文学"还是"说教文学"都不是一种文类,完全放弃使用"智慧文学"术语是不可取的。古代两河流域智慧文学研究大致经历了文献整理出版、分类归纳和多元化研究等3个阶段;国内学术界对古代两河流域智慧文学尚缺乏系统研究,即使在一些著述中有所提及,也多为介绍性文字。     

Gender,Traditional Authority,and the Politics of Rural Reform in South Africa

The new South African Constitution, together with later policies and legislation, affirm a commitment to gender rights that is incompatible with the formal recognition afforded to unelected traditional authorities. This contradiction is particularly evident in the case of land reform in many rural areas, where women’s right of access to land is denied through the practice of customary law. This article illustrates the ways in which these constitutional contradictions play out with particular intensity in the ‘former homelands’ through the example of a conflict over land use in Buffelspruit, Mpumalanga province. There, a number of women who had been granted informal access to communal land for the purposes of subsistence cultivation had their rights revoked by the traditional authority. Despite desperate protests, they continue to be marginalized in terms of access to land, while their male counterparts appropriate communal land for commercial farming and cattle grazing. Drawing on this protest, we argue that current South African practice in relation to the pressing issue of gender equity in land reform represents a politics of accommodation and evasion that tends to reinforce gender biases in rural development, and in so doing, undermines the prospects for genuinely radical transformation of the instituted geographies and institutionalized practices bequeathed by the apartheid regime.     

古代大陆移民与倭王权的形成——以难波津之歌为线索的考察

古代大陆移民凭借其先进的技术与文化在日本列岛内创造了许多重要的物质文明和精神文明,而这些文明成果又为倭王权所利用,推动了日本社会的发展并促进了倭王权走向成熟。难波津工程的建造与难波津之歌的产生就是其中一个例子。在倭王权的统治下,古代大陆移民在创造了大型综合性水利工程——难波津工程的同时,还在劳动过程中创作了“难波津之歌”这首著名的和歌。伴随着古代日本律令国家的形成与倭王权的强大,难波津之歌便成为倭王权用来宣扬其对内外统治的精神工具。