The Chora and the Great Church: Intervisuality in Fourteenth-Century Constantinople

Abstract

In Gregoras' history, the most important building project during the second decade of the fourteenth century is not Theodore Metochites' redecoration of the Chora monastery, but Andronikos II's restoration of II. Sophia and the nearby column of Justinian. Two mosaics at the Chora, the Deesis in the inner narthex and the adjacent lunette of Metochites and Christ, make visual reference to the Great Church. The nature of such relationships is explored through reference to Mikhail Bakhtin and his analysis of dialogic language.     

中古英国农村劳动力转移和城市化特点——兼与工业革命时期比较

中外学者主要关注工业革命以及由此带来的世界范围内的城市化运动,较少关注前工业化时期英国农村劳动力转移现象。中古劳动力转移和城市化具有不同于工业革命时期的特点:其一,主要动力源于农业而非工业,农业生产的兴衰决定了城市化和非农产业发展的进程;其二,中古劳动力转移历时久、水平低;其三,中古英国劳动力转移呈相对集中的地域流动模式,农村居民流动迁移的主要目标是首都伦敦。此外,中古英国劳动力转移在地域和行业流动方面均呈不均衡状况,地域上偏重英国东南部和西南地区,在行业流动方面主要集中于纺织等轻工业部门。工业革命后劳动力大量流向西部和北部,汽车、钢铁等重工业部门日渐重要,英国农村劳动力转移和城市化呈现出均衡化、网络化发展态势。