长城:漂泊不定的历史

走上长城,再走下来,总是会有种说不出的感觉荡漾心头。你看见了什么?是起伏的城墙,坚毅的烽燧,抑或是冰冷的砖石?轻抚沧桑的墙体,历史的铁灰从岁月浸透的砖缝中一层层剥落。似乎在向后来的人们诉说着无数生命的激情与悲壮。     

从涉海历史到海洋整体史的思考

中国海外交通史研究的兴起，与中国“新史学”的诞生同步，已有百年的历史了，从20世纪20、30年代的“南海交通”，到80、90年代的“海上丝绸之路”，经过几代学的耕耘，取得丰硕的成果，其他涉海的专门史研究也纷纷开辟，得到国内外学术界的肯定。然而，在中国历史体系和教科书中，中国古代社会仍是农耕世界与游牧世界的二元结构：在这种陆地历史结构和权力话语体系中，中国海洋发展的种种事实，都被诠释为农业明的海上延伸。比如说。     

From Universalism to Nationalism: Italian Freemasonry and the Great War

Abstract

During the period from 1914 to 1915, prior to Italy’s entry into the First World War, Freemasonry was a powerful force in Italian public life with a strong presence in every part of the nation and in the most vital organs of the State (parliament, public administration, the armed forces). Between them, the Grand Orient and the Grand Lodge of Italy counted 25,000 members and more than 500 lodges. Freemasons played a critical role in the campaign to mobilize Italian public opinion and political parties in support of Italy’s intervention in the war as an ally of France and Great Britain. To do so, they abandoned the movement’s traditional cosmopolitan and pacifist stances and adopted instead the objectives of the nationalists, a shift that would be consolidated during the war. Nonetheless, from 1917 onwards Italian Freemasons joined their counterparts in other European countries to press for the creation of a League of Nations to promote a new post-war universal order premised on the peaceful coexistence of independent and democratic nations. In examining the initiatives taken by Italian Freemasons in this period, this article focuses on the principles that inspired them, the language they adopted and the forms of communication and mobilization they used.