杰斐逊的学术理想国——弗吉尼亚大学

<正>对国家的最大贡献,莫过于在其文化土壤上添植一棵有益的树木。——托马斯·杰斐逊从美国首都华盛顿驱车南行,两个多小时便可抵达弗吉尼亚州一座风光旖旎的小城——夏洛特维尔     

Jefferson's Legacy to the Supreme Court: Freedom of Religion

Except for Rhode Island, each of the thirteen American colonies created some form of established religion. The English venturists who undertook settlements in New England and Virginia simply assumed that religion would be inextricably tied to their colonial enterprises. ¹ The 1606 charter creating the Virginia colony required that all ministers preach Christianity that followed the “doctrine, rights, and religion now professed and established within the realme of England”—in other words, the Church of England. ² To bolster the struggling Jamestown settlement, in 1610–11, Sir Thomas Dale promulgated “Articles, Lawes, and Orders, Divine, Politic, and Martiall for the Colony in Virginia.” Clergymen were to read “Dale's Laws,” as they were labeled, to assemblies every Sabbath. The thirty‐seven rules included eight that specifically referred to God and prohibited impiety, blasphemy, sacrilege, and irreverence toward preachers or ministers. The sixth law was particularly notable for its strict religious requirements and harsh penalties for violations: “Every man and woman duly twice a day … shall … repair unto the Church to divine service upon pain of losing his or her days allowance for the first omission, for the second to be whipped, and for the third to be condemned to the Gallies for six months. Likewise no man or woman shall dare to violate or break the Sabbath by any gaming … but duly sanctify and observe the same, both himself and his family, by preparing themselves at home with private prayer, that they may be better fitted for the public according to the commandments of God and the orders of our Church. …” ³ Colonists faced the death penalty after the third offense of missing morning and afternoon Sunday devotional services.     

汉画像石中的“鱼车图”

汉画像石中有很多"鱼车图",很多学者认为是河伯出行图,但笔者认为"鱼车图"和文献记载的河伯出行形象不符。琴高骑鲤鱼升仙的故事在汉代已很流行,"鱼车图"应当是模仿这一故事。坐在鱼车上的尊者应当是墓主人,驾鱼车而升仙。     

杰斐逊的联邦制思想与“国内改进”政策的延滞

对杰斐逊而言,联邦制意味着联邦政府和各州政府共同分享国家主权,其中,联邦政府享有管理对外事务(包括国际和州际事务)的权力,而各州政府则享有管理对内事务的权力。他主张对宪法进行严格解释,强调联邦政府的权力严格地限于宪法中所列举的范围。在杰斐逊执政时期,他赞同联邦政府进行国内改进(即交通建设),但是,由于宪法并没有明确授予联邦政府进行国内改进的权力,他强调必须通过一项宪法修正案,明确授予联邦政府有关权力,其目的在于维护他关于联邦制的一贯主张,维护联邦政府和各州政府之间的权力划分。主要由于杰斐逊的联邦制思想的阻碍,联邦政府的国内改进政策始终延滞不前。     

杰斐逊的外交思想与其对美国根本利益的界定

杰斐逊的外交思想是建立在他对美国根本利益界定的基础上的。这种界定包括两个方面:美国应该采取什么样的发展道路以及什么样的国际结构对美国最为有利。关于前者,杰斐逊认为美国应该成为由独立的农场主占主导地位的共和国,为此需要在美洲大陆上不断扩张,并且拥有海上贸易自由。关于后者,杰斐逊认为美洲和欧洲是两个不同的世界,美国不能卷入欧洲事务,并且需要依靠欧洲大国之间相互牵制的力量均势来保证自己的安全。在美洲大陆的扩张、海上贸易自由、在欧洲的冲突中保持中立和对欧洲均势的重视就是杰斐逊外交思想的四根支柱,它们构成了日后美国外交政策发展的基本框架。     

Egos and Ogres: Aspects of Psychosexual Development and Cannibalistic Demons in Central Australia

The paper explores from a psychoanalytic point of view some of the many ethnographic references to cannibalistic figures in Aboriginal societies of the Central and Western parts of Australia. The purpose is to show how dynamics of splitting originating in early infancy (love‐aggression, incorporation‐expulsion, inside‐outside, self‐other) continue to exist in culture‐specific expressions of cannibalistic fantasies and incestuous desires.     

大地湾地画和史前社会的男性同性爱型岩画

文章通过人类学、民俗学、考古学的多重视角对甘肃秦安大地湾遗址仰韶文化晚期地画进行了剖析;撩开大地湾地画的面纱,其与世界各地史前时代广泛存在的男性同性爱型岩画颇多相似之处。     

一帧珍贵的历史肖像画——王时敏为陈定生绘肖像画初考

最近我从一位收藏家处发现一帧王时敏为陈定生所绘的肖像画,设色纸本立轴,宽39、高91．5厘米。绘一位眉清目秀的长者,头戴蓝色风巾,上穿红色上衣,下穿白色长裙,腰系黑色腰带,足蹬黑靴,为明代贵族仍然沿袭着宋代官家服饰的装束,手持九节细竹杖,五缕髯须,陡显文质彬彬,正气凌然。题款为：“壬辰夏日,为定生词兄写照,