The Historiography of Sexuality in Modern Germany

In this introductory essay the editors suggest that the fieldof the history of sexuality in general and in modern Germanyin particular has been organized around a complex of questionsposed by the discourse theory of Foucault and other post-structuralists.The model proposed by these theorists and elaborated in thehistorical literature of the past twenty years has given usa coherent and widely influential narrative of the developmentof modern sexualities. This model, however, is now being calledinto question by historians who explore the social constructionof sexualities in greater detail and argue that sexuality isconstructed not by sexual experts (e.g., medical, criminological,psychiatric, and psychological experts) but within diverse andparticular social milieux. The papers in this issue exemplifythis trend, focusing their attention on the complexities ofsexual discourse and revealing some of the ways in which constructionsof sexuality were contested, contradictory, and shaped by themicropolitics of other social fields (such as politics, production,and the market). Taken together, they suggest that the historyof sexuality is entering an exciting new creative phase.     

啤酒馆问题与近代早期英国文化和价值观念的冲突

啤酒馆问题是16、17世纪英国社会普遍关注的问题。社会史学家认为啤酒馆问题与统治阶级对社会秩序的担心有关。本文从宗教改革以及市场经济、资本主义兴起的影响入手,对这一问题作进一步探讨,指出啤酒馆问题反映了基督禁欲主义同传统习俗的冲突、新教个人主义同睦邻文化的冲突,以及新兴“中等收入者”的价值观念和生活态度同传统价值观念和生活态度的冲突。啤酒馆问题折射出英国从传统向近代过渡时期思想文化方面的变化。     

近代德国传统贵族与资产阶级的融合

在近代史上,德国贵族之所以牢牢地掌握着国家统治权,一个重要的原因在于他们与资产阶级的相互融合,利益日趋一致。一方面,贵族在经济上资产阶级化,另一方面,大资产阶级在政治上不断贵族化,而且相互之间通过频繁的联姻加强联系。贵族与资产阶级之间的这种密切关系为贵族在近代资本主义社会的统治奠定了政治基础。