美利坚文明的历史起源

本文以公司土地的私有化和“共耕制”的废除为转折点,以及由此引起的三大问题,即印、白关系的急剧恶化、对劳动力的巨大需求和管理问题的日益突出为线索,探讨了原来的英国特许商业公司怎样在北美的殖民过程中逐渐发生嬗变,又怎样在解决上述三大实际问题的过程中,一方面在经济上引入雇佣劳动制、白人契约奴和黑人奴隶制,另一方面则在管理上引入贵族的或平民的代议制,进而在内容和形式上为一个正在诞生的新的社会构建起一种独特的结构,从而对美利坚文明的历史起源作出社会历史学的和系统的解释。     

The Uncertain Origins of Mesoamerican Turkey Domestication

The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is the only domesticated vertebrate to originate from North America. Accurate reconstructions of the timing, location, and process of its domestication are thus critical for understanding the domestication process in the ancient Americas. A substantial amount of recent research has been devoted to understanding turkey domestication in the American Southwest, but comparatively little research has been conducted on the subject in Mesoamerica, despite the fact that all modern domestic turkeys descend from birds originally domesticated in Mexico during pre-colonial times. To address this disparity, we have conducted a review of the available literature on early turkeys in the archaeological record of Mesoamerica. We evaluate the evidence in terms of its accuracy and use this evaluation as a stepping off point for suggesting potential avenues of future research. Although the lack of available data from Mesoamerica currently precludes detailed cross-cultural comparisons, we briefly compare the origins and intensification of turkey rearing in Mesoamerica with the American Southwest to generate more dialogue among researchers independently studying the topic in these two distinct but interconnected cultural regions.     

稻盛和夫经营哲学的原生态思考

尽管在许多教科书和相关的专论中,都把江户时代的商家经营,作为日本型企业经营的起源,但事实上自绳文时代就开始形成的集落共同体形态,以及在弥生时代逐步培养起来的“家”的观念,还有在大和时代展开的“家”的经营,可能是日本型经营更为久远的原型所在。在仔细研读了有关日本经营史的多种著作和有关稻盛和夫经营哲学一些重要理念的资料之后,我确信：“家”的观念及其从远古时代形成的人们在共同体内的行为模式,对现代日本企业经营的影响,至今仍清晰可寻。     

美国“冰雪带”现象成因探析

美国东北部和中西部在二战后的衰落被称为冰雪带现象,集中体现了后工业化条件下老工业区面临的困境。该地区的支柱产业——传统制造业的衰退是冰雪带衰落的根本原因。联邦财政政策、投资环境以及国际竞争等因素也加剧了冰雪带的衰落。东北部和中西部较为保守的化氛围,是其未能在短时期内顺利转型的重要原因。