创建荒野:印第安人的移徙与美国国家公园

当代环境保护运动是从美国对自然环境变化、全球工业化扩张与政治现代化过程的独特响应中发展起来的。从环保运动中涌现出了一种全新的自然观念,其中包含着基于种族移徙的荒野思想。这种荒野观允许白人为了娱乐消遣和静默冥想的目的而排他性地占用人迹杳然的荒野,并且将这种做法视为天经地义。把人类活动排除在外的荒野观对于美国和国际社会的国家公园和荒野区域的建立影响深远。当世界各地的土著居民们宣称拥有公园土地所有权和资源使用权时,前述荒野观便引发了诸多冲突。     

Recovering Republican Eloquence: John Cheke versus Stephen Gardiner on the Pronunciation of Greek

Abstract

The controversy over Greek pronunciation at Cambridge University in 1542, principally between university chancellor Stephen Gardiner and regius professor of Greek John Cheke, marked the emergence of not only the linguistic but also the political agenda of the mid-Tudor Cambridge humanists. This important group included future statesmen and political thinkers such as William Cecil, later Elizabeth's famous minister, Thomas Smith, author of De republica anglorum, and John Ponet, leading exponent of ‘resistance theory’. In the 1542 Greek controversy Cheke and his allies advocated the restoration of an ancient pronunciation they saw as having been the medium of eloquence in the Athenian republic. Their concepts of language provide a template for their political concepts: both language and political structures are generated by the community, reflective of the community's particular character, susceptible to change and capable of improvement. Throughout their subsequent careers and especially in the reign of Edward VI, when their influence was at its height, these humanists fostered a ‘monarchical republican’ politics; it involved rhetorical persuasion as the main mode of political action, programmes of religious and economic reform, and popular consent as an important factor in the good governance of the commonwealth.     

From Republican Party to Republican Religion: The New Political Evangelists of the Right

Abstract

This essay shows an important shift in the Religious Right from Evangelical participation to Renewalist participation in politics. Renewalists, who are largely Pentecostals, Charismatics and non-denominational Christians, have been lumped into the "Evangelical" category by scholars and the media alike. Yet their theological orientations and concerns drive political questions and actions in different ways. Sarah Palin's placement on the Republican ticket in 2008 as the Vice Presidential candidate represents the first time an explicitly Renewalist Christian has been nominated. Since then, Palin's weaving of her theological orientation has influenced both political activity and Republican candidates in the 2012 election. Butler's essay explores Palin's contribution to this change, and poses questions about how this shift affects the future of the Religious Right.     

Wilderness and health in the nineteenth century

During the latter part of the nineteenth century a form of medical treatment often called a “wilderness cure” enjoyed considerable popularity in the United States, especially in California. This procedure involved little more than an open-air sojourn in wild country, usually wooded uplands. It was based on the belief that wild, timbered uplands exerted curative influences on sick persons, especially consumptives. The cure's effectiveness was supposed to derive from influences of climate, vegetation, and style of living as well as spiritual influences related to aesthetics. Wilderness therapy fell into desuetude in the twentieth century as the realization spread that the wilderness environment was of little value in combating microbial and other agents of disease. In its heyday, however, the wilderness treatment attracted much support and was undertaken by a great many invalids. It seems highly likely that the perception of the wilderness as a source of health softened pre-existing negative attitudes to wild landscapes in America.     

America's Germany: Present at the Creation

Thomas Alan Schwartz. America's Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany . Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1991. xiii + 404 pp. Notes, illustrations, selected bibliography, index. $29.95.     

塔里木河下游绿色走廊的兴衰与保护

在历史上 ,塔里木河下游改道主要有 5次 ,每次改道都引起下游地区生态环境的剧变 ,绿色走廊的衰退 ,给我们留下了宝贵的经验教训。塔里木河下游的绿色走廊能否得到保护 ,关键是看有无保护它的水量。现在南疆之水量完全可以维护南疆的生态 ,塔里木河下游之水量完全可以维护塔里木河下游的生态。目前南疆严重缺水、塔里木河下游严重缺水 ,根本原因不是水量不足 ,而是没有管好用好现有水源。文章提出了保护塔里木河下游绿色走廊的 1 8项措施     

Introduction: The Historiography of Republicanism and Republican Exchanges

Abstract

Though the history of republicanism has been a popular topic of research since the mid-twentieth century, there are still various issues and areas that have remained neglected—not least the exchange of republican ideas from one cultural context to another, particularly across national boundaries. The purpose of this special issue is to offer some exploration of this neglected area, and this essay serves as an introduction to it. The essay offers an overview of the literature on republicanism that has been produced since the mid-twentieth century, it demonstrates the different ways in which republican exchange can be conceived and considers how the essays that follow contribute to our understanding of this issue, and finally it proposes a new way of thinking about republicanism.     

John Green. Notes on a neglected eighteenth century geographer and cartographer

Résumé

Le globe est composé de 12 fuseaux, actuellement collés cote à cote. La diamètre est de 73,5 cm.

Les planches originales, gravées sur cuivre, au nombre de 12, devaient mesurer 40 × 60 cm environ.

Les contours et la nomenclature sont postérieurs à 1581 et antérieurs à 1587. Six cartouches sont restés vides. 80 légendes sont inscrites sur diverses parties du monde.

L'auteur, anonyme, s'est servi d'une carte d'Ortelius ‐ dont on ne connait qu'un tirage unique ‐ publiée par Gérard de Jode en 1564, et d'une carte de Postel faite en 1581, dont il n'existe aussi qu'un tirage unique de 1621, ainsi que des cartes du Theatrum d'Ortelius de 1570. Certaines parties du monde, prises à Postel, furent utilisées par Cornelius de Jode dans son Speculum en 1593.

Le globe est antérieur à la grande mappemonde de Plancius de 1592, il est probablement anversois et aurait été établi dans l'entourage de Gérard de Jode. C'est aussi un unicum.

Le cartouche décoratif du 12e fuseau représente un personnage, peut‐être l'auteur, le graveur ou l'éditeur.     

Expertise Marginalized: Quality Inspection and the Grain Market in Republican China

With the help of professionally trained agricultural scientists, the Guomindang’s Nationalist government drafted a large-scale program for agricultural reconstruction in the late 1920s and early 1930s. At the heart of the program was a scientific rice-breeding experiment with the potential to produce great numbers of new high-yield rice varieties. However, this scientific achievement could not assure success of the new rice varieties in the market because the marketability of rice was determined not by the scientific productivity improvement but by a series of processes required before the rice reached consumers. For this, local and practical contexts had to be considered. By juxtaposing two different forms of “rice expertise,” this paper illuminates the incompatibility between the state’s productivist understanding of agricultural improvement and the quality issue in the grain market.     

对共和体制的失望：梁济之死

在很多国人寄予希望的1918年秋,前清京官梁济却选择以自杀警示国人。他看到的社会大问题是实行不久的共和体制不仅未能改善社会风气,反而使之恶化,有可能因“国性不存”而“国将不国”。梁济对其为何要“殉清”的解释体现出比同时代许多人更清醒的国家意识,而他对一些民初社会问题的观察和分析也相当深刻。然而,当时社会对他的自杀反应并不强烈,主要报道局限在报纸的戏剧和余兴版面;而少数作出反应的知识精英也未曾充分认识到梁济思想的重要,这一状况要到后来他更多遗著出版才有所改变。