从中国藏西夏文献看西夏文写经书法风格及成因

西夏文字以其字形方块平整、类似汉字、主要使用毛笔为书写工具的特点,使其具有了少数民族文字书法的独特魅力。目前存世的西夏文文献以佛经为主,故写经书法是西夏文书法的一个重要方面。本文从中国境内收藏的西夏文写本《大般若波罗蜜多经》及与其一同出土的佛经写本残片入手,对比得出西夏文写经书法具有传承自唐代楷书写经并独具地域特色的艺术风格的结论,分析了形成这一风格的的原因,即受到河西走廊佛教传播与写经传承、西夏文化教育制度、宋人尚意书风、西夏境内其他少数民族文字书写风格等四个方面的影响。     

应县佛宫寺木塔发现的辽代俗文学写本

1974年山西应县佛宫寺木塔发现的辽代写本、刻本、绘画、板画等文物,是继1899年(光绪二十五年)敦煌千佛洞藏经洞古写本、刻本、佛画等的发现后,同类文物的又一次重大发现。在木塔发现的古写本中,除了写经、科判文、戒仪、经疏杂钞、寺院经济史料以外,尚有一部分讲经文、变文、俗曲等。这一部分俗文学写本可与敦煌发现的俗文学写本进     

敦煌古写本丛谈

(一)敦煌写经事例敦煌千佛洞所出古代写本,约三万多卷,其中以佛教经典为大宗。佛经书写的历史,由来已久,可追朔到一世纪,亦即白马寺译经之始。但汉代写经向无传本,而现存敦煌写经纪年最早者为前赵时期写本。千佛洞大量佛经发现以前,古代写经虽有流传,但     

日藏宋刊苏轼写刻本《楞伽经》考

苏轼写刻本《楞伽经》,北宋元丰八年（1085年）初刻于镇江金山寺,元三年（1088年）重刻于福州东禅寺等觉院。宋刊苏写本《楞伽经》在中国早已失传,目前所知日本京都东福寺和东寺各藏有一部。文章梳理了日藏宋刊苏写本《楞伽经》的发现与研究情况,在此基础上对其刊刻时间、地点、版本、字迹等问题进行了讨论。文章分析认为,日藏宋刊苏写本《楞伽经》为元三年等觉院据元丰版重新摹刻,卷首蒋之奇序、卷尾僧跋可能系重刻时仿苏体写刻或请苏轼补书;东福寺本与东寺本出自同版,但存在印刷先后、优劣之分。日藏宋刊苏写本《楞伽经》,是迄今所见最早的写刻本之一,具有重要的历史、艺术和学术价值。     

赣州慈云寺塔发现南朝梁写本《四分戒本》初考——兼谈其在六朝写本楷化嬗变中的地位

本文通过对赣州慈云寺塔暗龛发现南朝梁写本《四分戒本》的初步研究,揭示该卷发现的历史意义;并通过此卷的书法脱隶楷化的现象与存世的六朝写本进行类比研究,探讨其在六朝写经体楷化嬗变过程中的地位。     

敦煌写经影响下的西夏文写经书法风格

写经书法是中国书法艺术中相对独立的书体,西夏佛教文化的活跃,带动其写经书法的兴盛。西夏与敦煌同处“河西走廊”,时空的差异与统一为这两种文化带来区别与联系。本文着眼于西夏写经书法,通过比较西夏与敦煌写经在笔法、结构与书法风格中的异同,进而探寻西夏文写经书法中的敦煌遗风。这是根植传统,立足创新的过程,揭示了西夏文写经书法对于多民族文化的汇聚与趋同。     

国宝寻踪——敦煌藏经洞绢画的流失、收藏与研究

清光绪二十六年(公元1900年)敦煌发现了藏经洞,出土了4至14世纪的书、刺绣、绢画、纸画等物5万余件。其中义书,大部分是汉写本,少量为刻印本。汉写本中佛教经典占90％以上,还有传统的经史子集,具有珍贵史料价值的“官私扩等。除汉外,还有^藏、梵、同鹘、于阗、龟兹等多种少数民族字,敦煌书的发现是研究中国与中亚历史、地理、宗教、经济、政治、民族、学、艺术、科技等的重要资料。莫高窟臧经洞发现后历经幼难,大批敦煌     

《国家珍贵古籍名录》中的佛教典籍

2009年6月,国务院颁布第二批<国家珍贵古籍名录>,共有211家单位的4478种古籍入选<名录>.国家图书馆入选第二批<名录>的宋元明清佛教典籍有172种,品类丰富,特色鲜明.现分写本藏经、刻本藏经、分藏异地的珍贵佛经、金银字写经、郑和刻经、南明刻本等部分略加介绍,以飨读者.     

明成化藏汉文对音写经浅探

一九八七年五月,我们在整理故宫博物院佛堂文物时,意外地发现了一部珍贵的明代写经:《各佛施食好事经》。该经藏汉文对音,泥金写本,护经封板为象牙所制,雕刻着精美的佛像,并刻有清晰的明成化款识。故宫博物院藏有大量珍贵佛经,多为木刻板印经,也有珍贵的泥金写本,如清乾隆三十五年内府泥金写本藏文大藏经《甘珠尔经》,     

新发现《郑和写经》初考

写经与刻经是佛教史上一种虔诚礼佛方式,郑和一生施财印刻了多部佛经,已为学界所熟知。新发现的永乐十二年(1414年)《郑和写经》现藏于龙美术馆,为郑和与佛教关系又提供了一件重要的实物证据。文章从这部写经的发愿文谈起,结合相关考古及传世文献等资料,论证这是郑和写经的首次发现,并对写经内容及其目的作了初步探讨。     

Pottery and Other Finds from the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sandy,Bedfordshire

INTENSIVE museum research and examination of documentary records of the discovery in the 18th and 19th centuries of Anglo-Saxon urns and other finds at Sandy (Beds.) reveals a series of 5th- to early 6th-century cremation urns and other pottery from the site. These are published together for the first time and their significance is discussed. A metal find of importance, a silver bracelet, is given extended treatment.     

Dreams and Conversions: A Comparative Analysis of Catholic and Buddhist Dreams in Ming and Qing China. Part Two

A database of holy dreams, assembled from Jesuit reports of the 17th century, forms the basis for qualitative and quantitative analyses, the results of which are compared with a second database of holy dreams drawn from Buddhist sources of the 17th and 18th centuries. The comparative analysis of religious images, doctrines, and the social history of dreams allows for some tentative observations on the psychology of Christian conversion and the sociology of Christian community formation in late Ming and early Qing China.     

Islamic glass in the Christian Kingdom of Alwa: Chemistry of shards from Soba,Nubia, Sudan

Excavations at Soba, the capital of Alwa, between 2019 and 2022 yielded more than 30 glass fragments in addition to a glass cosmetic bottle. An analysis of 30 glass samples has identified glass belonging to a number of compositional groups. The majority of fragments were made of plant ash-soda glass produced in the Middle East (Iran, Iraq) between the 9th and 10th centuries, and in the Eastern Mediterranean (Levant and Egypt) between the mid-10th and mid-12th centuries. Seven fragments were made of mineral–soda-lime glass produced in 9th-century Egypt and three high-lead glasses find analogies in the 9th- to 11th-century glass. Archeological evidence, as well as textual sources, leave no doubt about Alwa’s intense transcultural connections. This article provides the first insight into the chemistry of glass shards from medieval Nubia, and the results of analysis contribute to evidence for long-distance contacts of Soba, the capital of one of the medieval kingdoms of Sahelian Africa.     

敦煌遺書《佛性經》殘片考

本文認爲敦煌遺書中新發現的《佛性經》殘片爲佛教化摩尼教典籍,或是以摩尼教思想爲核心,摻雜佛教因素的具有混合性質的經典。該《佛性經》即《開元錄》卷一八所載僞經《彌勒摩尼佛說開悟佛性經》。本文並就《佛性經》第八品殘文所表現的摩尼教解脫觀和輪迴觀進行了梳理研究。     

Red-Painted and Glazed Pottery in Western Europe from the Eighth to the Twelfth Century

THREE ALTERNATIVE MODELS for the production of floor tiles in the 13th-15th, centuries are discussed. Evidence is produced to support all three modes of production; itinerant, intermittent and settled. The significance of such variation is discussed.     

《燕行录》资料反映的16-19世纪东北南部地区冬半年气温变化

朝鲜古汉籍《燕行录》,是历史上朝鲜使臣出使中国的见闻记录,保留有很多历史气候资料,十分宝贵。本文收集了19种《燕行录》中记载的16-19世纪东北南部地区河流封冻情况,并利用中国其它文献为补充,使用现代河流封冻资料为对照,逐年考订了当时河流封冻与现代河流封冻的距平情况,并得出封冻期的50年平均距平值。由于冬半年气温变化是影响河流冰情的关键因素,河流封冻情况的变化可很好地反映该区域冬半年温度变化情况。分析发现,在1500-1900年间,存在3个较冷的时期,其中16世纪上半期是400年中最冷的时期;存在2个较暖的时期,分别为18世纪下半叶和19世纪下半叶。而和20世纪的温度变化衔接分析,则500年间区域气温基本是上升的趋势。同时和中国其它区域以及欧洲的小冰期温度变化序列比较,在大的趋势变化和波动方面有一致性,但在时间上并不完全一致。表明区域间气候变化的复杂性。     

略论敦煌吐鲁番出土的东晋南朝文献

敦煌、吐鲁番出土了一批东晋、南朝时期的文献,它们大多为佛经,也有道经,以及儒家典籍、书札,其中佛道写经的发愿文题记均有纪年,且含有丰富的历史信息,学术价值极高。从发愿文题记可知,这些东晋、南朝文献大多抄写于南方,通过当时东南与西北之间的交通渠道,最终流入到敦煌、吐鲁番等西北地区。这一情况证实：在东晋十六国南北朝时期,西...     

The glass of Nogara (Verona): a “window” on production technology of mid-Medieval times in Northern Italy

The site of Nogara (province of Verona, Italy) provides valuable insights into the complexities of the glass industry in mid-Medieval times, due to its timing, which ranges mainly between the 10th and 11th centuries AD, and to the great quantity of glass findings, mainly tableware. In the present paper, the combination of archaeological, chemical and textural data allows us to identify production technologies in a time-interval perceived to be a period of technological transition for glass. In particular, the frequent occurrence of recycled natron glass and only a few glass samples made with soda plant ash indicate that recycling of earlier glass was common in inland Northern Italy in the 10th–11th centuries AD. In addition, blue and reticello decorations were obtained by recycling earlier glass mosaic tesserae, as shown by much Co, Cu, Sn, Sb and Pb and the presence of crystallised calcium antimonates. A few glass samples with chemical compositions intermediate between natron and soda plant ash glass were also identified, suggesting a gradual change in glass composition from natron-based towards soda ash-based production technology, which prevailed in the 13th-14th centuries. In conclusion, the difficulty in describing mid-Medieval glass as a well-defined entity, due to the great propensity for recycling earlier glass samples which causes variability in chemical compositions, particularly those of trace elements, is clearly documented here. In any case, this paper contributes to a new type of chrono-typological scanning and to more detailed knowledge of glass production technology during mid-Medieval times in Northern Italy, little found in the literature until now.