抗日根据地对伪币斗争的政策

<正>日本早就想控制中国的货币发行管理权,1935年国民政府实行币制改革,国民政府的法币先与英国的英镑建立比价关系,后来受于美国的压力,国民政府不得不将法币与美元挂钩,改革结束时日本连一杯残羮都没有分到,怀恨在心。日本陆相说:"中国此种快刀斩乱麻的货币政策计划即系抗日精神的表现"。日本为了破坏法币政策,他们大量从华北走私出口白银,据日本官方统计,1934——1936年两年间,由日本转运出口的白银达日金2500万元。同时还进行走私贸易。在这些     

抗战时期日本在港澳湾地区的走私活动

抗战时期,日本一直在策动对国民政府统治区(大后方)的走私活动,其中香港、澳门、广州湾是日本重要的走私基地。日本在这些地区设立了许多公司,进行进出口走私活动。日本在港澳湾地区的走私活动给中国造成了很大危害。     

读韩国青年学者孙准植的专著《战前日本(1933—1937)在华北的走私活动》

读韩国青年学者孙准植的专著《战前日本（１９３３—１９３７）在华北的走私活动》戴建兵全面抗战爆发前夕,日本为了达到分离华北的目的,利用日韩浪人和汉奸在华北进行了大规模、有组织的走私活动,对中国社会经济和社会风气造成了极为严重的影响。同时,走私活动也打击...     

评近代日本对华军火走私活动

日本是中国近代最凶恶的敌人之一,中日甲午战争以后,它在中国境内走私货品,贩卖烟毒,倒卖军火,制造动乱,极尽捣乱破坏之能事,以期分裂中国,供其永远欺凌。本文按照历史阶段,分析了日本在中国辛亥革命时期、北洋政府时期、南京国民政府时期向中国走私军火供应地方势力的情况。     

简述英国威克菲尔德对华贸易构想

在对华贸易 (实为走私贸易 )上 ,威克菲尔德鼓励英国、美国和其他国家的走私者在中国沿海岛屿建立若干商站 ,条件是“市场自由 ,即在完全平等的条件下对所有国家开放”。他还有多边贸易的构想。“假定便宜的粮食系英国在澳大利亚的诸殖民地生产 ,那里虽然远离英国 ,但距中国近。英国人可用制品购买此等粮食 ;用此等粮食购买中国人的茶叶和白银 ;用这些茶叶和白银购买加拿大人的便宜谷物”。     

明后期白银的大量内流及其影响

明朝后期,尤其是隆庆元年部分开放海禁以后,白银象潮水一样大量流入中国。这是一个十分引人注目的重大社会经济现象,对中国历史的发展产生了极为深远的影响。迄今为止,人们对这个问题尚未引起足够的重视,本文即是对这一问题所作的初步探讨。一在隆庆以前,由于明王朝厉行海禁,私人海外贸易为非法,在走私贸易中虽然出现了白银内流的趋势,但还不是大量的。隆庆元年(1567)部分开放海禁后的近80年间,随着私人海外贸易的蓬勃发展,白银便源源不断地往中国内流。     

抗战时期日本对国统区毒品走私活动述评

抗日战争时期日本在中国沦陷区公然贩卖烟毒的行径 ,已为中外 (包括日本 )秉持正义的人士所揭露。① 那么 ,日本对它侵略势力鞭长莫及的国统区采取了什么政策 ?分割敌我的“阴阳界”是否阻挡住了日本汹涌的毒潮呢 ?对于这些问题 ,目前尚无专文述及 ,笔者拟对此做一些探讨 ,以求事实大白于天下。一、日本毒品走私政策的制定为困死中国抗日力量 ,日本采取了封锁中国沿海航行和向内地走私日货的两手政策。一方面 ,日本于 1 93 7年 9月 5日宣布封锁中国全部海岸。另一方面 ,它在侵占中国东部广大沿海地区后 ,建立了五大走私据点 :天津、徐州、上…     

16-19世纪拉美白银在中国经济中的重要性变迁

正中国白银需求在刺激全球白银生产、促成第一个全球贸易体系方面发挥的重要作用为世界学者所公认。16-19世纪,中国的商业蓬勃发展离不开外国进口白银,起初源自日本,但主要来自拉丁美洲。在这三个世纪的时间里,拉美白银对中国经济的重要性随中国经济、全球贸易的节奏发生了巨大变化。本文追溯了这些变化,直至源自西班牙比索的新的货币单位"元"的诞生。     

清朝支配与货币政策——清代前期制钱供给政策的演进

结语译文: 明代中叶,成为纳税手段的白银在中国的需求逐渐扩大,而绢布、生丝等来自中国的产品成为日本、西洋的需求,以此为背景,中国内地流入巨额的日本白银和美洲新大陆白银.因明朝政府的制钱供给较为消极,既存的铜钱日渐贬值,丧失市场信任,市场逐渐以用铜为主转向用银为主.明末,面临财政危机的政府以获得大量铸息为目的而滥铸恶钱,...     

满铁与“九一八”真相

1894至1895年,日本发动了侵略中国的甲午战争：腐朽无能的清政府被迫与日本签订了丧权辱国的《马关条约》,中国的台湾省和澎湖列岛变成了日本的殖民地,日本并从中国掠去赔款白银两亿两。此外,日本还强迫清政府割让辽东半岛?沙俄看到日本要插足中国东北,便纠集德、法两国极力干涉,逼迫日本放     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the