北京市城乡转型与乡村地域功能的时序特征及其关联性

本研究通过综合指标评价法和灰色关联法,揭示改革开放以来北京城乡转型和乡村地域功能的时序特征及其关联性,以期为改善北京城乡关系、有效提升乡村地域功能提供参考。研究结果表明:①1978-2012年,北京市城乡转型依次经历了缓慢转型(1978-1995)、快速转型(1996-2006)、转型放缓(2007-2012)三个阶段。②生态、历史、市场和政策等因素显著影响着乡村地域功能的提升。35年间,乡村地域功能总体稳步发展,并与城乡转型表现出不同的阶段性特征。③在国家政策、经济发展、基础设施建设以及乡村地域功能反馈等综合作用下,城乡转型与乡村地域功能发展存在一定的相关性,二者依次经历了低水平耦合、倒"U"型耦合和高水平耦合三个阶段。     

中国农村社区研究进展及展望

农村社区作为推进城乡一体化以及实施乡村振兴战略的重要节点,是统筹城乡发展,推进新型城镇化的有机载体.本文梳理了近年来我国农村社区研究的热点领域及相关成果,基于CiteSpace分析了该领域的主要进展及存在的问题,并提出了今后研究的方向与重点.农村社区研究在理论构建、治理体系、建设模式、规划策略及研究方法等方面均取得了一...     

中国地理学对乡村发展的多元视角研究及思考

乡村发展是一个综合性和复杂性的问题,具有多元化的观察视角。本研究从地理学出发,选取空间、转型、功能、制度四个视角,对当代中国乡村发展研究的现状进行系统化梳理,并分别对四个视角下的研究内容进行评述,发现我国地理学研究呈现多元视角融合的趋势,且存在缺少多元理论指导、对城乡关系关注不足的共性问题。基于此,结合国内外乡村发展研究最近成果及我国实情,尝试提出中国地理学对乡村未来发展研究的导向：推进城乡一体化为导向的乡村空间重构研究、加强新型城镇化背景下的城乡发展网络研究、加强城乡统筹理念下的乡村多元发展路径研究、推进城乡等值化理论指导下的乡村规划和管理研究。     

乡村旅游社区综合治理机制与路径研究

乡村旅游已经逐渐成为我国旅游业发展的重要板块,其能够优化乡村产业结构,推动当地经济发展。社区在乡村旅游建设中有着举足轻重的作用,社区居民参与的积极性会直接影响乡村旅游发展成效,只有开创出适应当地社区居民参与的旅游发展模式,方可获得最大的经济效益、社会效益。对此,本文先指出乡村旅游社区治理中的困境,然后阐述乡村旅游社区参与的机制类型,最后积极探索乡村旅游社区的治理路径,包括法制体系创建、社区利益共享、社区参与主体优化、居民素质提升、当地资源开发等,促进乡村旅游可持续发展。     

乡村振兴视域下的小农户振兴解析

小农户是乡村振兴最重要的利益与价值主体,也是乡村地域系统结构—功能及形态建构主体。小农户振兴,即为适应当前乡村地域系统乃至城乡地域系统社会经济形态、地域结构—功能重构,通过对影响农户生计转型发展的内部要素和外缘要素的调控管理,实现小农户生计转型升级及其与乡村地域系统、城乡地域系统结构—功能演化融合协同发展的过程。文章基于小农户概念内涵,分析了小农户振兴与乡村振兴的耦合关系、小农户振兴与城乡地域系统演化发展的联结关系,提出应根据地域差异,在明晰小农户生计转型发展和城乡地域系统类型、要素组成、结构—功能、发展特征与模式的前提下,按“村域—乡村地域系统—城乡地域系统”不同尺度分区分类实施小农户振兴。重点关注小农户振兴与乡村地域系统结构—功能、乡村产业体系、乡村社会功能再组织化及乡村生态环境提质的耦合协同,加强小农户振兴与乡村资源管理、小农户振兴地域类型与特征、小农户振兴规划与政策、小农户振兴路径与模式等方面研究。     

以旅游“撬动”新型城镇化——以江西省婺源县江镇湾为例

新型城镇化的基本特征是城乡统筹、城乡一体、和谐发展、节约集约、产业互动、生态宜居,新型城镇化也是指大中小城市、小城镇和新型农村社区协调发展、互相促进、共同发展的城镇化。近些年来,新型城镇化建设已经被认为是推动中国社会各个方面快速发展的巨大动力。与此同时,也受到历史和自然等因素的影响,使我国展现出城乡经济发展不平衡的走向。在这个背景下,农村原本的经济形势备受冲击,想要实现乡村地区新型城镇化建设可持续发展,必须重视目前新型城镇化建设背景下的乡村旅游近况,寻觅新时期国家重大发展策略以及乡村旅游发展需要下的新发展方向和发展途径。本篇文章主要是分析了旅游发展和新型城镇化两者之间的关系,研究如何在当前这个新型城镇化发展的趋势下以旅游发展进行乡镇建设,进而以江湾镇为例,重点探索其如何突破困境,发展优势,进军新型城镇化建设。     

对可持续发展与城乡发展的理性思考

一定区域内城市与乡村的发展及城乡关系的合理演进构建了区域可持续发展的整体框架。本文从逻辑和现实的角度出发,提出城市内涵发展和乡村生存与有序发展模式,尤其强调指出:扩展城市可持续发展领域、探寻新的城市发展理论是城市内涵发展的重要内容;可持续发展模式不适于贫困乡村及一般乡村的发展。对城乡关系的演进,从演进态势、促进其合理演进的契合点及营建区域可持续发展空间关系网络角度等几个方面展开讨论,以揭示城乡发展与可持续发展的关联,力求对新形势下区域整体合理发展有所裨益。     

乡村振兴背景下的乡村治理现代化

乡村振兴是新时代乡村发展的重要战略,是实现缩小城乡差距、实现共同富裕的重要举措,乡村振兴的实现需要现代化的乡村治理.作为乡村振兴的重要内容,乡村治理在新的背景下面临着新的机遇与挑战,使得乡村治理的内在逻辑和实施路径均有所变化.本文旨在通过辨析二者关系,总结与梳理乡村治理的演变趋势与现实困境,提出乡村振兴背景下实现乡村治...     

国外乡村社会地理研究综述

本文首先对国外乡村社会地理的研究进行阶段划分与总结,分析了九十年代以来新的研究进展,然后重点介绍了当前几个重点研究领域:乡村社区、城乡关系、乡村景观及乡村社会问题等,最后指出发展不足及今后的发展方向。全文旨在通过大量文献分析,梳理出国外乡村社会地理的研究进展与今后发展趋势,期望能够对国内相关研究与乡村发展具有一定理论与实践意义。     

协同治理视域下城乡融合发展的内在机理与优化路径——以Q省D县为例

推动城乡融合发展是全面贯彻乡村振兴发展战略的必经之路,是确保实现共同富裕的中国式现代化的本质要求,也是中国式现代化建设的内在要求。协同治理为城乡融合发展提供了新的分析视角,研究表明,在推进城乡融合发展的进程中,要基于多元协同共治、城乡共生发展、创新治理驱动、资源均衡配置内在机理,积极应对县域产业经济辐射、城乡共生发展、乡村内生发展、多元协同共治、城乡资源均衡配置等问题。为此,应当增强县域产业经济的辐射带动力、提高城乡互促融合发展能力、激发乡村内生发展动力、增强多元主体协同共治能力、合理配置城乡资源要素,创新驱动城乡融合高质量发展。     

Understanding Local Leadership in Building the Capacity of Rural Communities in Australia

Current approaches to rural community development in Australia provide for limited government intervention. Such intervention is usually housed within programmes that seek to build the internal capacity of communities to achieve long term socio‐economic sustainability. A fundamental implementation strategy for capacity building has been developing local leadership. The underlying assumption of this approach is that good leadership will result in existing resources being mobilised for a more sustainable function and new resources attracted. What though is good leadership in terms of building the capacity of rural communities to develop sustainable socio‐economic futures? This paper compares the conceptualisation of leadership within rural development policies and leadership training programmes with the nature of local leadership as it exists in on‐ground community building projects. From an in‐depth review of the role and nature of local leadership within six Australian rural communities it was found that local leadership could result in improved adaptive capacity if the leadership is similar in nature to Burn's (1978 ) transformational model of leadership. Within policy, local leadership was most often conceptualised as being similar to this transformational model. However, rural leadership training programmes tended to conceptualise leadership as a top‐down process, similar to Burn's (1978 ) transactional model. While this study of leadership within rural communities revealed that transactional skills, as taught in leadership training programmes, were important for successful project management, such skills did not necessarily result in improved community adaptive capacity. It is suggested that, while transactional leadership can have an important role in influencing the development of rural communities, greater attention needs to be given to developing strategies to support transformational leadership.     

An Institutional Analysis of Property Development,Good Governance and Urban Sustainability

It can be argued that creating a reputation for sustainable development for the benefit of a competitive advantage resonates with institutional theory. In principle, this opens up the possibility to relate a given sustainability agenda with theoretical frameworks based on old institutional economics (OIE) and/or new institutional economics. This is particularly true in arenas where qualitative factors cause a discontinuous change from the previous structure, such as amid urban regeneration. Using empirical evidence from three very different European cities, Budapest, Amsterdam and Trondheim, it is shown that OIE has plenty to offer for a “patchy” and evolving problem area such as the analysis of planning and property development in an urban setting. The position taken here is that good community governance needs the support of the private sector too. Smart policies, regulations and especially incentives set at the local and regional levels are an imperative to meet the sustainability goals set out in the Rio-1992 agenda. This international comparison attempts to provide some guiding answers to the empirical question as to how sustainable the three cases of country- and city-specific governance are in terms of their property development.     

Municipalities as Governance Network Actors in Rural Communities

The concept of rural network governance can include different practices, and it is important to gain insight into governance role formation processes. The ability of rural municipalities to effectively perform their role as governance network actors is significantly influenced by municipal organization and norms. Small differences can have big consequences and lead municipalities into different types of governance network roles. This is important to consider in situations where rural communities are facing imbalances and the municipalities increasingly are expected to engage in new roles and take more responsibility for local development. Effective strategies for using local network structures can help rural communities achieve sustainable development. We develop four different governance network models and discuss how the municipal authorities and citizen groups in two rural communities in Setesdal, Norway, perceive the current governance role of the municipality as well as their views on how this role ideally should be performed. We conclude that explanations for the different strategies relate mainly to norms and processes that are endogenous to the communities, which may indicate that rural municipalities have a great deal of autonomy in deciding how to use local network resources.     

Community sustainability and resilience: similarities,differences and indicators

Sustainability has been a core conceptual framework for community development since the approach was popularized in 1987, although in its essence it reflects a long history of environmental conservation reactions to industrialization. Resilience, as a framework for understanding and approaching community development, emerged more gradually out of ecological studies in the 1980s, but has only recently, since the mid-2000s, emerged as a focus of public interest as a way of responding and adapting to the planet's growing anthropogenic changes. For many, sustainability and resilience are slightly nuanced perspectives on the same phenomenon. For others, however, there are distinct differences between them, with sustainability's conservation goals being in opposition to the adaptation goals of resilience. Two major reasons for these confusions are (1) both concepts are defined and used in many different ways to achieve a variety of political goals that may not reflect their core definitions, and (2) both concepts share similar goals and some common approaches, such as a focus on climate change and seeking a balance between humans and nature. Returning to the core definitions of conservation and adaptation helps to clarify their similarities and differences, as well as to articulate indicators for understanding how each applies to community tourism development. Indicators from research in rural Taiwan tourism communities were therefore based on responses to the questions: What does the community want to conserve and how do they want to do it (sustainability)? What do they want to change and how do they want to do it (resilience)? Preliminary results suggest that the new ideal community is the one that is both sustainable and resilient.     

Tourism and Sustainable Development on the Isle of Eigg,Scotland

Although the concept of sustainability has long permeated the literature on tourism and its development, the research on sustainability in tourism rarely reaches beyond the industry level to examine how tourism contributes to the sustainable development of a given destination in wider terms and how effective such processes can be in different economic, environmental and socio-cultural settings. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this important, yet under-developed, research agenda. The paper focuses on the Isle of Eigg – a remote community-owned Scottish island that has recently committed itself to becoming more sustainable and that seeks to rely on inbound tourism as the most important means to this end. It is demonstrated that tourism plays a key role in enhancing the economic stature of Eigg residents and that, rather than undermining, it strengthens the community cohesion on the island. Despite this, its contribution to the island's environmental sustainability cannot always be taken for granted and some trade-offs between these three kinds of sustainability cannot therefore be avoided. Moreover, economic sustainability on Eigg should not be considered synonymous with economic self-sufficiency.     

Social sustainability of urban regeneration led by industrial land redevelopment in Taiwan

Abandoned industrial sites, usually contaminated by hazardous substances, create social injustice in the surrounding communities. Redevelopment of industrial land has brought prospects of sustainable development to the communities that live in and around them. This research is to identify the critical factors facilitating urban regeneration and particularly social sustainability in Kaohsiung, an industrial city of Taiwan which experienced deindustrialization in recent decades, resulting in several abandoned industrial sites and decay of the adjacent urban communities. Two different industrial land redevelopment projects were examined; (1) Jhongdou Wetland Park, which focuses on environmental sustainability, and (2) Pier-2 Art Centre, which focuses on economic sustainability. Measured by the social sustainability indicators developed by the Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development and through findings from a questionnaire survey of community members, this study found that the redevelopment project of the Pier-2 Art Centre has a higher level of social sustainability than the Jhongdou Wetland Park, performing better in six out of nine themes. Critical dimensions resulting in the better performance in social sustainability of the Pier-2 Art Centre included rental affordability, heritage conservation, community image, cultural activity, community association, public space, local organization and higher accessibility to facility.     

Caretakers of the Earth: integrating Canadian Aboriginal perspectives on culture and sustainability into local plans

Abstract

While still contested in most jurisdictions, a consensus on the four-pillar approach to sustainable development is slowly emerging. This perspective attempts to integrate the environmental, social, economic and cultural elements of a community into local sustainability planning processes and has been widely adopted in Canada as the basis of Integrated Community Sustainability Plans. However, Aboriginal perspectives have generally been marginalised in such efforts, largely because Aboriginal peoples take a more holistic approach to both sustainability and culture than Western-educated planners and decision makers. This article examines current approaches and methodologies adopted by Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities in Canada to integrate culture in sustainability planning and presents several case studies that examine the application of medicine wheel and other Aboriginal integrative worldviews to community sustainability planning. It discusses whether Aboriginal perspectives on culture can provide an alternative narrative that will advance our understanding of culture’s role in community sustainability and counteract the monocultural perspectives that are the legacy of colonialism throughout the world.     

Experimental governance: the role of municipalities in urban living labs

Innovations in urban governance such as Urban Living Labs (ULL) are expected to accelerate the transition towards more sustainable and climate-resilient cities. This article reviews different ULL across Europe and explores the role and potential capacity of municipalities in the development of and/or facilitation of ULL as a form of experimental governance. It focuses on the role of the public sector in the multi-actor collaborations that often characterize experimental governance. The article draws on literature on cities in sustainability, climate and environmental governance, and bridges this with political science literature on governance. Based on institutional theory that emphasizes roles, identities, and perceived and actual acting space, three functional roles for the municipality are singled out – promoter, enabler and partner – in a framework with a set of indicators that are used to analyse 50 case studies of ULL (http://www.urbanlivinglabs.net). The aim is to advance knowledge on how municipalities can facilitate urban sustainability through experimental governance.     

The acceleration of transitions to urban sustainability: a case study of Brighton and Hove

Cities raise major challenges and opportunities for achieving sustainability. Much literature on urban sustainability focuses on specific aspects such as planning practices, urban policy or the diffusion of more sustainable technologies or practices. However, attempts at understanding the mechanisms of structural change towards sustainability have resulted in the emergence of an interdisciplinary field of sustainability transitions research. Transitions research has developed a phase model of transitions in which predevelopment, take-off, acceleration and stabilization phases are distinguished. However, the acceleration phase has received limited attention so far. This is a crucial gap as policy-makers are keen to accelerate transitions. This paper aims to enhance our understanding of how local actions contribute towards accelerating urban sustainability transitions. It does so by testing an acceleration mechanisms framework through exploring the collective agency of local initiatives in urban sustainability transitions. Drawing on a case study of the city of Brighton and Hove (UK), the paper finds that despite favourable local political conditions, there is a lack of evidence of acceleration apart from in individual domains such as food or mobility. Progress is found to depend on the agency of initiatives to both scale up sustainable practices and embed these practices into local governance arrangements.