主观感知的城市环境对居民健康的影响研究——基于全国60个县市的大样本调查

在“健康中国”战略推进和健康城市建设背景下，关注城市建成环境对公共健康影响的研究日益增加。目前相关研究主要纳入了客观测量的城市环境变量，而主观感知的城市环境变量能够体现出客观测量的城市环境变量难以捕捉的健康影响效应，具体作用有待深入探究。本研究建立了个体、社区和城市三个层面的分析框架，基于中国社会科学院社会发展战略研究院于2016年开展的“社会态度与社会发展状况”全国大样本问卷调研数据，探究主观感知的城市物质环境和服务环境对居民自评健康的影响作用并识别显著影响要素。研究发现：感知的城市环境对居民自评健康具有显著影响，其中居民对城市绿化、基础设施状况、住房保障和医疗服务的感知是影响自评健康较为主要的环境感知因素。最后本研究基于定量分析结果讨论对健康城市评价和研究的启示，推动健康城市的发展。     

邻里环境感知对中国城市居民自评健康影响研究——以武汉市为例

邻里作为城市居民的重要日常生活场所，对健康的影响引起广泛关注。本文选取武汉市南湖街道这一典型住区，运用多元回归分析，针对商品房和保障房邻里展开对比研究，解析不同类型邻里中居民的邻里环境感知对自评健康的影响差异。研究发现，控制个人因素后，体育休闲设施感知、归属感和安全感显示出对自评健康独立且显著的影响。而在对比研究中，商品房邻里的居民自评健康受邻里环境感知的影响较显著，而保障房邻里的居民自评健康受个体层面特征的影响较显著。因此，宜针对不同类型邻里制定差异化的社区健康提升策略。     

基于主观感受的宜居北京评价变化研究

构建宜居城市主观评价指标体系,基于三次大规模抽样调查问卷,对北京市居住环境从2005年至2013年的变化进行评价,重点分析居住环境的生活方便性、安全性、自然环境舒适度、人文环境舒适度、出行便捷度、健康性六大方面在不同城区及不同人群之间评价的差异。主要得到以下结论:居民比较认可宜居北京的生活方便性,对舒适度的评价逐渐上升,对健康性的评价持续下降;主城区居民满意度高于郊区大型居住区;年轻群体、高收入高学历人群、商品房居民以及本地居民对居住环境的评价更高。     

信息技术变革对我国城镇居民出行行为的影响研究——以社会信息化为中介变量

本文通过对社会信息化的中介效应分析,探讨了信息技术变革与居民出行行为变化的内在关系及影响路径。基于提出的研究假设模型,对天津市居民(663例)进行"信息技术变革与公众出行"行为学调查和实证分析。研究结果显示信息技术变革对居民出行行为变化具有显著的直接影响作用;信息素养和信息资源在信息技术变革与居民出行行为变化之间具有中介效应功能。     

广州城市内部居住迁移空间特征及其影响因素研究

居住迁移是家庭居住消费的空间调整过程,也是城市重构的基础动力,是西方地理学、规划学和社会学研究的主要内容。利用2001年和2005年在广州市进行的家庭住房问卷调查结果,文章分析了居住迁移空间特征、方向特征以及居住迁移方向的影响因素。分析结果显示,广州市居住迁移空间以就近迁移为主,在同一行政区范围内和邻近行政区间的迁移比重非常高,但从阶段演化来看,就近迁移有弱化趋势。迁移方向以老城区内和外围区内的迁移为主,其次为以老城区向外围区迁移。住房产权、家庭生命周期、家庭收入和迁移时间对居住迁移方向的影响显著,居住郊区化与住房自置率提高有关;单位房和房管局房建设是郊区化的主要动力之一。     

过滤视角下的中国城市单位社区变化研究

过滤是以高收入居民向外迁移为导向的一系列居住迁移和住房周转过程。居民是决定邻里地位的重要因素,是过滤过程的主体。邻里变化是过滤的结果,反映了居民属性的改变。本文运用质性研究方法,基于在北京市海淀区燕东园社区的实地观察和访谈,从过滤的视角分析了我国城市单位社区变化。研究发现,在单位制时期,过滤仅存在于单位内部,并受到单位的控制和影响。在转型期,西方意义上的过滤现象在中国城市中已经出现,过滤体现了家庭需求与可支付住房之间的匹配过程,但是,因单位而导致的过滤及其社区变化具有复杂性特征,对于区位较好的单位社区,搬入搬出的居民虽然处于不同的家庭生命周期,但往往都具有较高的收入,社区整体上表现出多方向过滤的特征。过滤的多方向性是分析单位社区变化和城市社会空间重构的重要视角。     

转型期不同住房性质居民的职住关系演变——以上海郊区为例

提 要:从微观尺度检验不同住房性质居民职住关系的时空演变,有助于理解中国城市社会空间重构的深层机制.利用问卷调查开展2000年以来上海郊区不同住房性质居民职住地变迁的时间地理学分析.研究发现:不同住房性质居民的职住关系变化呈现显著差异."市场购房"居民多由中心城区向外迁移和郊区侧向迁移,职住距离上升,职住关系更加固定;...     

目的地居民对事件旅游的感知及影响因素研究——以平遥国际摄影大展为例

平遥国际摄影大展体现现代传媒与传统文化的契合,居民是事件旅游的重要组成部分,故研究山西省晋中市平遥县当地居民对平遥国际摄影大展的感知及影响因素对平遥国际摄影大展的持续发展有重大意义。本文基于回收的有效问卷数据,运用SPSS 22.0软件进行分析并得出一些结论：平遥当地居民对摄影大展的正面感知强于负面感知;性别、居民月收入和在本地居住的时间与平遥当地居民的各项感知变量相关性较强;平遥当地居民根据其态度可分为中立者、支持者、消极者。最后分析平遥国际摄影大展目前面临的问题,并设计解决方案。     

基于活动类型的郊区大型居住区居民生活空间重构——以回龙观为例

本文基于550份调查问卷和第一手的访谈资料,以北京著名的郊区大型居住区——回龙观文化居住区为研究对象,探讨了包括居住空间、工作空间、购物空间和游憩空间在内的郊区大型居住区生活空间重构的特征与机制,分析了居民生活空间重构与郊区化的关系。研究表明,近10年来,居民对远距离居住-工作空间错位有较强的承受能力,以回龙观为代表的郊区大型居住区在形成居住空间郊区化、商业和休闲空间的分散化和多中心化方面发挥了重要作用,也验证了过去10年中北京郊区化发展的高强力度。回龙观社区职能由单纯卧城向综合型社区的演变成为居民多种生活空间重构的背景,另外,不同类型的生活空间之间相互联系,某种生活空间变化往往导致另一种或几种生活空间跟随发生变化。回龙观的案例给郊区的城市规划工作带来一定的启示。     

基于时空间行为的混合住房社区社会分异的研究框架

混合住房社区内的社会分异是城市社会分异的新形式，是城市地理学者面临的新研究议题，也是在促进社会融合过程中亟待解决的问题。以居住区分异为核心的研究范式平均化了“邻里效应”，无法揭示同一居住区内部的社会分异。居民时空间行为研究为揭示社区内部的社会分异提供了理论和方法支撑。本文首先回顾混合住房社区政策的起源、发展及学术界关于居住混合与社会融合关系的争议，然后对目前国内外关于混合住房社区的研究进行综述，接着讨论了从时空间行为视角透视社会分异问题的有效性，并基于已有研究进展构建了基于居民时空间行为的混合住房社区社会分异的研究框架，以期为混合住房社区政策制定和城市社区管理提供参考。     

Changing Jobs and Changing Houses: Mobility Outcomes of Employment Transitions

The life-course approach to residential mobility and migration recognizes a central role for a variety of demographic and economic triggers in the mobility process. Having a child, getting married, separated, or divorced, have all been identified as triggers that generate residential relocations. It is obvious that a job change can also be viewed as a stimulus for residential relocation, although until now the interconnection has been evaluated mainly for long-distance migratory moves rather than for its effects on residential mobility. In this analysis we use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to test the association between employment changes and residential relocation. We examine both the occurrence and the timing of residential moves triggered by employment transitions. We show that job changes increase the likelihood of residential relocation in the aggregate and for singles when we hold other & "triggers" constant. The results of the analysis of the timing of job changes and residential relocations indicate that temporal differences exist between households types. Overall, the results establish that job change is an important triggering process in residential relocation and emphasizes the interconnected nature of life-course events.     

HOUSING CONSTRUCTION, VACANCY CHAINS, AND RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY IN WINDSOR

R esidential m obility is one of the most important forces underlying changes in the social composition and physical characteristics of urban areas (Rossi 1955, p. 2). Consequently, numerous studies on residential migration have been carried out in order to comprehend this process better and thereby aid in the assessment of migration theories and in the development of appropriate models. Mobility studies have examined the characteristics of outmigration areas and households, motivations to move, satisfaction achieved through relocation, and the impact of residential changes. However, as Maher (1974) points out, previous analyses are incomplete in that they tend to focus on the demand characteristics of residential relocation and to omit the supply side of the process, the available housing stock. This study attempts to rectify this omission by considering the provision of newly constructed single-family detached housing in Windsor and the resultant migration patterns and processes through vacancy chain analysis. The demand and supply concepts of residential mobility are examined with regard to the housing multiplier generated by different locations and values of new homes, the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of households at various positions in the turnover process, the reasons for moving, and the spatial patterns of residential moves originating from new housing. In addition, by focusing on a specific form of housing the study avoids problems which may arise from aggregate level analyses of households adjusting to new housing opportunities.     

REAL ESTATE SALESMEN AND RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION DECISIONS

A decade ago Simmons (1968) reviewed studies in "an important, but relatively neglected, aspect of migration, namely changes in residence that take place within a city." Since the appearance of Simmons' review intra-urban residential mobility has generated a burgeoning literature underpinned by the assumption that it is a significant mechanism contributing to the structuring of urban space. The literature focuses principally on residential relocation and its identification as a process rather than as a set of events to be explained. Central to the process orientation is the assumption that changes of residence are the expression of a set of decisions made by households. The major deficiency of the literature to date is its failure to specify an appropriate context within which to analyse such decisions.     

Why do people stay in or leave Fukushima?

From the originally constructed survey data from 2011 Fukushima incident, this paper empirically assessed the sources of failures in disaster risk mitigation in short run. Although residential relocation from the cites at risk is one of the effective risk reduction measures, the relocation incurs mobility costs of developing social capital such as communities or searching public services such as education and medical institutions. The estimation results showed that the residents in the disaster cites of 2011 Fukushima incident can tolerate higher risks of radiation exposure when they have attachment to the original residence or higher demands for the public services, and can stay in the cites at risks consequently. Because the tolerance level can depend on the information associated with the risks, the results imply that the authorities’ providing the correct information is one of the keys for the disaster risk reduction in short run.     

In‐Situ Marginalisation: Social Impact of Chinese Mega‐Projects

This study offers a detailed analysis of an under‐researched social problem of in‐situ marginalisation and its causes by drawing on the concept of state entrepreneurialism. Our empirical data stem from the Lingang mega project in Shanghai and one of its neighbourhoods named Neighbourhood No.57 where we find that the residents have not been relocated but are instead suffering from declining public services and environmental quality from surrounding industrial developments. The root cause of this problem is the municipal government’s prioritisation of its strategic objectives of economic development over the livelihood of local residents. The strategic vision of the municipality has led to mass relocation in its early phases of development but in its later stages leaves many residents waiting for relocation whilst being gradually surrounded by industrial developments. Despite continued residential complaints and petitions, in‐situ marginalisation is not resolved due to the institutional arrangement of Lingang, which has centralised planning and financing powers to newly created project‐oriented state organisation. Social responsibilities have been relegated to lower‐tiered governments in Lingang which have neither planning power nor the financial resources to resolve the problems of residents. By examining the case of Lingang, this paper provides a different analytical framework for explaining the social problems emerging from China’s mega urban developments.     

农村居民点用地整治潜力测算研究——以广东省五华县为例

以广东省五华县为例,以行政村为单元,在政策指标测算法的基础上,从自然环境状况、经济保障能力和社会因素等3方面构建理论潜力修正模型,将理论潜力修正为可实现潜力,并根据土地适宜性评价估算增加耕地潜力,以期为科学编制农村土地整治规划提供依据。研究表明,五华县农村居民点用地布局分散、规模小、空间差异显著,呈现出沿河谷、沿交通线路分布的典型特征。到2020年,农村居民点整治理论潜力为5683.91 hm²,北部村庄的整治潜力较大;可实现潜力修正系数为0.54,与理论潜力相差较大,各行政村之间差异明显;新增耕地潜力系数介于0.32-0.94,预计新增耕地1943.41 hm²,琴江、五华河沿线村庄的新增耕地潜力较大。建议实施差别化的农村居民点整治对策,推进五华县农村土地整治。     

ELDERLY MOBILITY IN A RURAL AREA: THE EXAMPLE OF SOUTHWEST MANITOBA

Elderly mobility patterns often constitute a greater challenge in rural areas, where the location of infrastructure and services can prove less flexible and decision making can be more difficult. In this paper, mobility decisions of elderly movers are assessed, and compared with a control group of 'stayers'. These groups appear to act to some extent as different populations. Nonmovers are apprehensive about the future, while many movers see positive outcomes resulting from their relocation. Service and support policies are discussed. If rural-dwelling seniors are not to be 'forced' or 'imposed upon' to move, then policies must be enacted that build more creative support systems.
Les types de migration des personnes agées présentent souvent un plus grand défi dans les milieux ruraux, oùľemplacement de ľinfrastructure et des services peut être moins flexible et où la prise de décisions peut être plus difficile. Dans cette étude on évalue les décisions des vieux de se déplacer en comparaison a vec un groupe de contrôle qui est resté sur place. II semble que ces deux groupes agissent dans une certaine mesure comme deux populations différentes. Ceux qui restent s'inquiètent de ľavenir, tandis que plusieurs de ceux qui se déplacent prévoient des résultats positifs de leurs migrations. On discute les politiques de service et de soutien. Pour éviter les migrations 'forcées' ou 'obligatoires' des personnes
agées dans les milieux ruraux, il faut promulguer des politiques qui produiront des systèmes de soutien plus créateurs.
Mots-clés: vieillissement, personnes agées, rural, mo-bilité, migration     

迁村并点理论与实践初探--以长安子午镇为例

迁村并点是解决三农问题、合理配置土地资源、消除城乡差别的重要手段,是实现区域空间整合的有效途径。本文对国内的迁村并点的研究现状进行了综述,以长安子午镇为例,通过对地域整体环境的把握,分析地域居民点之间的时空关系,提出区域整合的基本思路并对产业发展方向做了进一步的规划设想。     

基于女性主义视角的我国居住空间历史变迁研究

女性主义的研究扩展到建筑学与规划学领域。其实自古以来的居住空间规划与设计都是权力外化的体现,女性虽然有使用权,但却没有支配权。女性与居住空间的关系不仅是衡量女性自身发展状况的重要维度,也是折射居住空间随社会进步的一面镜子。文章从女性主义出发,认为居住空间是女性气质化的空间,以历史的角度说明居住空间中女性角色地位的变化,研究历史对当今居住空间的影响,初步探索女性与居住空间关系的基本构架。     

Why Do Firms Relocate? Lessons from a Regional Analysis

In recent years, the qualitative evolution of relocations (from low-cost offshoring to more technologically intensive relocations) has become a new concern in political debate. Focusing on these new trends, the aim of this paper is to better understand relocations from the firms’ point of view. The concept of relocation is reformulated by adopting a broad definition considering it as a specific dimension of firms’ mobility options. We consider three analytical dimensions: relocation as a productive problem (“relational space” for coordination), relocation in a territorial dimension (“geographical space”) and relocation as a complex decision-making process (“political space”). On this basis, we combine two strands of literature (economics of proximity and institutional approaches of the firm) for a better understanding of the decision-making process and the resulting diversity of situations. The framework is finally applied to the specific case of the Aquitaine region of southwest France in order to identify the conditions of anchoring and mobility of firms in spatial terms. Our aim is to show that the decision-making process of relocations cannot be reduced to a simple cost calculation, leaving room for local public policies.