试析1949～1952年政务院体制的构建与运行

1949～1954年是中央人民政府建立与发展的重要历史时期,此时期新中国建立并实行了中央政府下辖政务院的二级政府体制,1949～1952年是该体制初步建立与运行阶段。新中国成立伊始,依据《共同纲领》和《中央人民政府组织法》确定的原则和框架,政务院迅速组建完毕,在机构设置、人员配备、编制管理与法制建设等方面开展了卓有成效的活动,作为国家最高行政机关,统一管理国家内政外交各项事务,发挥了重要的历史作用。     

从“石头仔”到“通天晓”的启示

正1911年10月10日,旨在推翻清王朝统治的武昌首义发动后,开启了辛亥革命的序幕,被清统治长达267年的全国各省区纷纷响应,在宣告"独立"的同时,各自组建了临时执政性质的地方自治机构,形成了群起推翻封建统治的地方合力。在建立全国统一号令的中央政府的政治共识呼声中,各起义省区派出代表集会武昌﹐通过了《中华民国临时政府组织大纲》﹐发表了在召集国民会议﹑颁布国家宪法之前﹐组织一个"临时"执政的中     

杨靖宇领导组建东北抗日联军总指挥部

正在杨靖宇领导东北抗日斗争的实践中,领导组建"东北抗日联军总指挥部"是浓墨重彩的一笔,这个机构的组建和工作,实现了中国共产党领导下南满地区抗日武装的统一。对以后东北抗日联军统一建制,乃至组织全国抗日民族统一战线,都具有开创性的意义。杨靖宇的积极筹备经过1931年九一八事变以来两年多     

抗战时期浙江省行政改革述论

抗战时期黄绍竑主政浙江后,在抗日民族统一战线政策的影响下,实施了"刷新政治"的开明政策,采取了一系列积极的政策措施。在行政改革方面,调整各级行政机构、组建浙西行署、推行新县制、实施行政考核等,虽然在一定程度上加强了国民政府对基层政权和民众的控制,推动了浙江后方国统区的初步开发与乡村教育的进步,也有利于抗战事业的发展,但由于各种原因,还存在着许多问题,实施的成效也并不显著。     

论美国联邦体制下的州际合作

为满足经济社会发展一体化趋势的需要,消除联邦集权的必要和借口,维护自己在联邦体系中的地位,美国各州自19世纪末期开始了州际合作的努力.除了更加充分地利用联邦宪法赋予的签署州际协定的权利外,各州又相继发展出了统一州法和组建行政协作组织等州际合作的新模式.通过不断加强州际合作,各州逐渐构建起一个"没有华盛顿的联邦体系",缓解了自身的相对独立性与经济、社会一体化发展趋势之间的矛盾,止住了联邦权力扩张的势头,推动着美国联邦体制在20世纪70年代以后朝着"以州为中心"的方向发展.     

职能整合不应忽视行政分权——试论大部制改革中构造行政分权机制的必要性

2008年进行的国务院机构改革即大部制改革在整合政府职能、进行机构重组的同时,不应忽视行政分权机制的构造,因为行政分权一方面是国外公共行政改革的共同趋势,这种趋势有一定的必然性;行政分权另一方面也是我国改革开放以来政府机构改革的总体趋向,这一趋向不应为本次国务院机构改革的阶段性特征所掩盖;此外,行政分权是新组建的大部长期存在、有效运转所不可或缺的必要条件。所以,有必要在大部制改革的过程中构造完善的行政分权机制。     

中国铁路主管机关的变迁

根据2013年3月10日提请全国人大会议审议的国务院机构改革和职能转变方案,将不再保留铁道部,实行铁路政企分开。将铁道部拟订铁路发展规划和政策的行政职责划入交通运输部;组建国家铁路局,由交通运输部管理,承担铁道部的其他行政职责;组建中国铁路总公司,承担铁道部的企业职责。     

论20世纪初英国现代社会保障制度的初步确立

20世纪初英国逐步建立了现代社会保障制度.贫困和失业等社会问题的严重化和济贫法制度的失效是这一制度建立的根本原因;来自工人阶级的政治压力是其建立的一个重要原因;费边社会主义、集体主义和新自由主义为这一制度的建立提供了理论基础;德国保险型社会保障制度的建立起了先导作用.英国政府通过一系列的社会立法逐步形成了涉及到养老、失业、医疗、儿童等方面比较完善的福利体系,标志着英国现代社会保障制度的初步确立.它是英国社会保障制度史上一次根本性的转折.     

改革开放40年与社会保障中国模式

正1978年之后,中国社会保障制度进入了以改革促发展的新时期。20世纪80年代初是我国改革开放的启动期,也是传统保障制度功能日益弱化、新型社会保障体系尚未发展建立的过渡期;从80年代末到1997年亚洲金融危机爆发的10年间,则是中国确立建立社会主义市场经济体制改革目标、建立新型社会保障制度的改革探索期;从1997年8月国务院颁布建立统一     

试论民国时期云南边疆的殖边督办

“殖边督办”作为一级行政机构,是中国近代政治制度史上一个不大却又不能缺少的组成部分,也是研究近代云南地方史、云南民族政治制度史不可忽视的一个问题。本文从民国初年云南地方行政制度的变化及边政建设的推行、殖边督办公署的建立、组织机构、治边措施及其历史作用等四个方面对这一问题进行了论述。认为该行政机构在捍卫国家主权、保卫国土、巩固和开发边疆等方面发挥了积极的作用。并为云南边疆“改土归流”的最终完成奠定了物质和文化基础,推动了边疆与内地政治体制一体化的进程。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.