THE CONCEPT OF TRANSPARENCY,ITS HISTORY,AND THE THEORY OF BEGRIFFSGESCHICHTE

In this review essay, I examine the theoretical assumptions required in order to reconstruct an understanding of another historical period. Stefanos Geroulanos has produced a masterful history of mid‐twentieth‐century French thought, and he argues for a significant difference between that period and our own based on the values and ideas associated with the concept of transparency. The book is innovative in both its method and interpretation of the period of 1945–1984. However, despite the suggestive theoretical framework announced at its start, Geroulanos prefers to explore the theoretical content of conceptual history more than to explain how one might go about identifying, understanding, and translating the concepts of a different epoch. In order to contribute to what is already a successful project, I endeavor to extend some of Geroulanos's theoretical sketches through a comparison with Reinhart Koselleck's theory of Begriffsgechichte. Despite some muted criticism of Koselleck from Geroulanos, I argue that the projects share similar commitments, although Geroulanos needs to develop his theoretical premises at greater length, both for a full comparison and in order to complete the critical project that Transparency appears to be undertaking.     

THE BUSINESS OF MOBILITY: GEOGRAPHY, LIBERALISM, AND THE CHARTER OF RIGHTS

Inspired by some important inter-disciplinary work in both legal studies and human geography, I explore the vision of geography - with special reference to the theorization of mobility - that appears to be expressed within mainstream legal discourse. I argue that the legal account is premised on the privileging of certain components of liberal thought, including the individual, the private sphere, and concepts of frictionless spatial mobility. I try to demonstrate that this vision is partial and selective and ignores an alternative and insistent account of the geography of social life that appears prevalent within civil society. Evidenced by the reactions of many small towns to threats of economic dislocation, the emphasis here appears to be one that elevates concepts of place and the community. Drawing upon recent higher court decisions in British Columbia concerning the meaning of section 6 (mobility rights) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, I argue, firstly, that the legal vision is ultimately indeterminate and contingent but, secondly, that its hegemony has certain implications for social life, social justice, and the city.     

NGAWANG,THE GUARDIAN OF THE TUNGGAR GROTTOS

<正>The ruins of Guge Kingdom in Zanda County,Ngari Prefecture include the Toling Monastery as well as the biggest soil forest within this worldfamous tourist attraction.Still,few people know that there is a small village named Tunggar there in the small valley of Ngayi Lhari     

HETEROTEMPORALITY,THE ISLAMIC TRADITION,AND THE POLITICAL: LAROUI'S CONCEPT OF THE ANTINOMY OF HISTORY1

If tradition has often figured as modernity's other, the Islamic tradition has long played the role of the modern constitutive other par excellence. Modern secularizing practices of timing and spacing feed this grounding of the political beyond the conceptual grip of tradition. The works by the Moroccan historian and philosopher Abdallah Laroui (b. 1933) put forward a concept of heterotemporality that distances itself from secularizing practices of timing and spacing, and, importantly, also from theological ones. His critique enables us to understand each of these practices as viewing heterotemporality through one master temporality, a view that represents temporality as, in Laroui's words, “absolute” time. First, this privileged temporality is the homogeneous time of secular progress, and second, it is the homogeneous time of theological truth. Laroui unsettles both practices of timing and spacing by discussing heterotemporality as governed by what he calls the antinomy of the concept of history. For Laroui, this antinomy refers to a specific temporal dynamic that results from the tension between the fundamental discontinuity and incoherence of history, on the one hand, and the production of continuity and coherence through human observers, on the other. Laroui thus reveals that the claims about continuity and coherence that sustain groundings of the political within homogeneous time—either secular or theological—must always be understood in relation to their position within the temporal dynamic of the antinomy of the concept of history. In revealing the temporal dynamic of this antinomy within the Islamic tradition, Laroui reworks the architecture of difference that keeps the secular modern and the Islamic theological conceptually separated from each other.     

旅游产品特点、消费技术与景区解说系统

在旅游产业发展进程中旅游景区的重要性和竞争压力越来越大。本文在这样一种宏观背景下,分析了传统的旅游产品的定义,指出了其逻辑上的问题,从新角度研究了旅游产品的特点,指出应该从旅游者与旅游企业之间的交易、旅游者自身的生产消费这两个角度来理解,提出了旅游经历与旅游体验之间的差异;从旅游者生产消费形成自身私有产品的角度分析,指出应该重视旅游过程中的消费技术问题,而且由于这种消费技术的可移植性和旅游消费的时空规定性,要以高于重视工业产品的消费问题的态度对待旅游消费技术的问题,从而论证了景区解说系统对于旅游景区及旅游目的地发展的重要作用,尤其是对于我国这样一个具有悠久深厚历史文化的观光国家而言,意义尤为重大。     

A STUDY OF THE DECAY PROCESSES OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE PARISH CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY, ROTHWELL, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Summary. The 13th century charnel house (or 'bone crypt') situated underneath the church of the Holy Trinity, Rothwell is one of only two surviving charnel houses in Britain and is therefore important not only in structural terms but also as a reservoir of human osteoarchaeological material. Over the last 60 years concern has been expressed about the condition of the crypt and the 'deterioration' of the bones. In this paper the authors outline their multidisciplinary approach to the study of the bone degradation and conditions within the crypt and stress the role of histology in such an approach. The implications of their findings are discussed and action for the long term preservation of the bones are recommended.     

THE DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF CHILD CARE: THE CASE OF THE CITY OF WATERLOO, ONTARIO*

The intention of this paper is to stimulate research on the demand and supply of child care services, an issue that has been largely neglected by geographers, although many of the problems involved lend themselves to geographical analysis. In addition, as the female labour force participation rate, the divorce rate, and the incidence of lone-parent families increase, so do the need for and importance of child care. We review the types of child care available in North America and provide statistics to demonstrate that the supply of child care falls short of demand. Furthermore, for the city of Waterloo, Ontario, through the use of 1981 and 1986 Census data we demonstrate that not only is the supply of licensed day care spaces insufficient to meet the demand, but also it is spatially arranged in a suboptimal way. Through population projections and net migration analyses we demonstrate that the demand for child care spaces in the near future is more likely to intensify in the periphery of the city, where the current supply is nonexistent. We thus argue that locational criteria should play a prominent role in the practice of licensing new day care centres. Cet article vise à encourager la recherche sur I'offre et la demande de services de garderie. Ce sujet a été largement négligé par les géographes měme si beaucoup des pro-blèmes rencontrés sont liés à des facteurs géographiques. De plus, la participation des femmes au marché du travail augmentant ainsi que le taux de divorce et le nombre de families monoparentales, les garderies deviennent de plus en plus nécessaires et importantes. Nous passons en revue les différents types de garderies qu'il est possible de trouver en Amérique du Nord et nous présentons des statistiques démontrant que le nombre actuel de garderies ne satisfait pas la demande. D'autre part, à I'aide des données du recensement canadien de 1981 et 1986 pour la ville de Waterloo, Ontario, nous prouvons que non seulement le nombre de places dans les garderies licenciées est insuffisant mais aussi que leur location géographique n'est pas optimale. À I'aide des études sur la population future et la migration nette, nous démontrons que la demande de garderies augmentera vraisemblablement à la périphérie de la ville où les garderies sont actuellement inexistantes. Par conséquent, nous estimons que le critère de localisation doit jouer un rǒle prédominant dans I'octroi des permis d'établissement de nouvelles garderies.     

解析信息社会流动空间的概念、属性与特征

伴随着20世纪90年代以来的数字技术革命,围绕信息而产生的概念被广泛纳入到了城市与区域空间研究框架中。流动空间是全球化进程中在信息技术的推动下产生的一种新的空间形式。信息技术、经济和空间的共同作用改变了传统的时间、空间和距离的概念,产生了全新的流动空间场。为了在城市与区域规划中更好地理解与应用流动空间这一概念,在把握国内外相关研究的基础上,我们总结出流动空间的概念,认为其具有实体空间与虚拟空间的二元属性,提出流动空间具有流动性、共享性、高时效性、空间弹性和高级网络性五大特征。在信息时代,对于流动空间的概念、属性与特征的研究强调了流动空间作为区别地方空间的一种新空间形式的内涵,突显出信息技术改变我们居住、生活空间的同时,将使我们主动地迎接空间转变的挑战。     

A SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF THE GLOBAL INTERACTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE,OCEAN, AND CONTINENTS

The authors outline a model, based on interacting cells which simulate conditions at high and low latitudes, to describe and predict energy and other flows occurring between the atmosphere, oceans, and continents. They propose that this model is more accurate and efficient (in terms of the use of computer time) than conventional hydrodynamic models based on the Navier-Stokes and other equations. Tests of the model for conditions in the Southern Hemisphere provided results, in terms of annual swings in air temperature (and in another case, also for water vapor pressure and precipitation regimes), which corresponded generally with actual observations (translated by Andrew R. Bond).     

浙、苏、鲁、川、吉五省农村城镇化发展政策研究

本文经过实地考察和典型解剖,对近几年农村城镇化发展较快、水平较高的浙江、江苏、山东、四川和吉林5省的农村城镇化发展政策,进行了充分和认真的总结研究。     

INDIA,THE GREAT DIVERGENCE,AND THE WRECKAGE OF MODERNITY

Research over the last two decades on the economic divergence of Europe and China before the nineteenth century has stimulated much recent scholarship investigating similar diverging paths between Europe and India. Following the lead of Kenneth Pomeranz, this work focuses on the demographic, ecological, and geographical factors in this divergence and argues for the direct comparability of the most economically advanced parts of Europe with such places as Gujarat and Mysore in Mughal India, which showed considerable proto‐industrial development before their relative economic decline and deindustrialization in the nineteenth century. The book under review approaches this topic by deploying a modified Marxian‐Weberian framework and draws on extensive research in Indian and British archives to argue that both Gujarat and Mysore might have embarked on paths of sustained economic growth through natural commercial expansion and deliberate mercantilist statecraft hindered by the East India Company. Despite resurging interest in Marx, much recent work in global economic history highlights the limitations of modernization theories drawn from a long tradition of Western social science indebted to the theories of Marx and Weber.     

贺兰山之子:身怀绝技的岩羊

岩羊,生活在宁夏贺兰山的特有野生物种,为国家二级保护动物。2010年到2011年间,我们的撰稿人米飞飞曾随影视摄制团队,3次奔赴宁夏贺兰山拍摄科普纪录片《岩羊》。本期,她与我们分享了这些让她永生难忘的、影片拍摄背后那一幕幕扣人心弦的精彩、艰辛和危险,以及贺兰山保护区自然和谐的美丽。     

UNDERPOPULATION, TELEVISION ECONOMIES, AND THE POWER OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION

This article addresses the power of popular geographical ‘imaginations’ and ‘knowledges’ to foreclose public debate and, in the process, to reinforce often contentious policies or practices. It argues that historically, a prominent example of such a powerful geographical knowledge has been that of ‘ overpopulation’. The concept of ‘underpopulation’, meanwhile, has been much less discussed, but in this article I argue that it, too, needs to be queried in much the same way that critics have examined claims of overpopulation. I make this case first at a generic level, describing some of the main situations in which notions of underpopulation are popularly invoked, before substantiating it in much greater detail in one specific context: that of the television economy in New Zealand, a country, it is frequently said, with ‘too few people’ to support a publicly funded broadcaster. I show that in this particular instance the underpopulation thesis is backed by flawed arguments, but that none the less it is widely accepted and seldom countered, hence serving to protect its protagonists from disclosing in public debate the real reasons for the television policies they pursue and which the idea of underpopulation actively allows.     

THE ALLURE OF DARK TIMES: MAX WEBER,POLITICS, AND THE CRISIS OF HISTORICISM

This article argues that realist invocations of Weber rely on an unrealistic reading of Weber's realism. In order to escape the allure of Weber's dramatic posture of crisis, we place his seminal lecture on “Politics as a Vocation” (1919) in its historical and philosophical context of a revolutionary conjuncture of dramatic proportions, compounded by a broader crisis of historicism. Weber's rhetoric, we argue, carries with it not only the emotion of crisis but is also the expression of a deeper intellectual impasse. The fatalistic despair of his position had already been detected by some of his closest contemporaries for whom Weber did not appear as a door‐opener to a historically situated theory of political action but as a telling and intriguing impasse. Although the disastrous history of interwar Europe seems to confirm Weber's bleakest predictions, it would be perverse to elevate contingent failure to the level of retrospective vindication.