《现代初中教科书·本国史》与顾颉刚的史学思想

从1923年至今,《现代初中教科书·本国史》经历了出版、被禁、再版的曲折历程,共有三个版本。九十多年来《本国史》的三个版本和该书涉及的两个"案中案",贯彻了"成一家之著述"的编纂宗旨。编写《本国史》不但是催生顾颉刚"层累地造成的中国古史"观的重要契机,而且还是顾颉刚第一次对中国历史的全盘整理,培养并发展了他的史学通识,"教科书风波"则直接推动了顾颉刚"考辨古史"体系的建立。《本国史》的价值不仅在于历史教科知识的普及,更深远的是它在中国现代史学史的学术地位与持续影响。     

胡适与古史辨派

以顾颉刚为代表的“古史辨派”,是我国现代史上一个影响颇大的资产阶级史学流派。在顾颉刚等人的论著中曾多次谈到过胡适对“古史辨”史学的启迪和指导作用,胡适本人也曾多次谈到过他与古史辨派的密切联系。建国前的许多史学评论家,一般都把胡适与古史辨派视为同一流派。但是,建国后的许多论著,虽然也提到胡适对古史辨史学的影响,但主要是强调两者的“区别”。最近中华书局出版的《顾颉刚先生学述》一书,曾较具体地谈到胡适对顾颉刚的影响,但却以更多的篇幅谈论两人在政治、学术观点和治学方法上的“区别”。     

域外汉学与古史辨运动——兼与陈学然先生商榷

民国时期古史辨运动与域外汉学存在一定程度的学术关联。古史研究者早年多受过新式西洋史教育,或在欧美大学接受学术训练,不同程度受过近代史学观念的洗礼,与旧式学者文人不同,信仰“三皇五帝”者自然越来越少。国内古史研究是国际汉学界有关中国古史研究学术链条上的一环,欧洲、日本、中国学界之间存在一定程度的互动。中国学者已注意到理雅格、沙畹、夏德、马伯乐、白鸟库吉、内藤湖南诸氏的疑古论。夏德《中国古代史》对胡适、顾颉刚均有所影响,对古史辨运动的兴起有推波助澜之功。白鸟库吉“尧舜禹抹杀论”在民国史坛颇有流传,顾颉刚对其人其事亦有所知,然顾氏疑古论与白鸟之间并不存在学缘关系。有论者认为顾氏疑古思想乃“剽窃”日人陈说,此一指控系牵强附会,并无实证。     

"层累地造成的中国古史"--一个带有普遍意义的知识论命题

顾颉刚“层累地造成的中国古史”一说的内涵不仅仅局限于史料学的层面,它的现代性似乎主要体现在顾颉刚对历史知识一般性质、尤其是其不确定性的看法上或对历史知识的谦卑的态度上。搁置历史本体、着重于古史知识形成过程的“层累构成说”标明了顾颉刚经验主义的知识立场。而在普遍的知识论意义上,从怀疑古史记录到怀疑全部历史记录,顾颉刚事实上已经触及了历史知识的一般性质与“神话”的性质的关系问题。     

顾颉刚的"疑古辨伪"思想与胡适的学术影响

20世纪20年代,顾颉刚提出"层累地造成的中国古史"学说,对封建古史观念提出了大胆的怀疑和批判,在学术界引起了极大的震动.顾颉刚的"疑古辨伪"思想,深受胡适的学术思想和学术方法的影响.     

历史学的学术理念

源于崔述和受诸胡适的顾颉刚层累造成说的主要精神是,存疑的态度和追溯并展示源流的做法;梁启超历史研究法和陈垣史源学中先提出疑问,然后考察史料源流的方法,与朗格诺瓦、瑟诺博司在《史学原论》中所表述的如出一辙;福柯的史学方法是以解构历史观念为特征的,然而其“知识考古学”和“谱系学”正体现了怀疑精神和对话语的历史演变的梳理。可见,无论处在传统社会还是近代社会,也无论是在中国还是西方,思想家或者历史学家们的学术追求,在主张以怀疑的态度去条缕历代关于同质材料的不同诠释这一点上并无二致,尽管他们使用了表面上具有很大差异的专业术语。     

顾颉刚致罗根泽信札十通

湖南图书馆藏有顾颉刚致罗根泽亲笔信函十通,写作年代大致为1932年至1935年间。信札中顾颉刚就《古史辨》的选题内容、编纂体例、校稿审核、出版发行、经费来源等诸多细节与罗根泽往复讨论,如是否选入章太炎、胡适治经治子之方法异同,是否摘抄胡适《中国哲学史大纲》、蔡元培《中国伦理学史》等书中有关诸子研究的代表性观点等等,既表明顾颉刚先生《古史辨》编纂中重视鉴别和吸收晚近兴起的哲学、史学、社会学新知识理论的现代性史学思想,也反映出国难当头、时局纷扰下学者苦心孤诣,延续学术文脉的勇气和艰难情形。     

读《明清史辨析》

对于史学家的著作,除了一代宗师如陈寅属、陈垣、顾颉刚等几位老前辈的宏文巨构外,读者往往是“仁者见仁,智者见智”。我读韦庆远先生的新著《明清史辨析》,有一种精神上的满足感,而不曾有半点失落情绪。著者的治学态度、方法,令我击节,并从中获得不少启迪。 尽人皆知,我国的封建专制主义源远流长。加强对封建专制主义的研究,应当是历     

顾颉刚的“求真”与“致用”

正近代中国社会急剧变化,传统士人也向着现代知识分子转型。许冠三在《新史学九十年》中认为,"与梁启超、胡适一类‘学术与政治之间’的学者对比,顾颉刚无疑是一位纯学人"。但在近代政治环境极其复杂的大背景下,顾颉刚作为一个有着巨大社会声望的学人,他个人的命运无疑与整个民族的命运相关联,他的学术始终面临着"致用"的要求。     

匠心独运地再现学人风范与薪火传承——《顾颉刚和他的弟子们》评介

在中国近现代学术史上,史学大师顾颉刚无疑占据重要的地位。他不但以古史名世,更以善于识拔、奖掖、培养青年学人为士林敬重。顾颉刚本人是胡适的门生,他自己又带出了一大帮弟子,这帮弟子遍布学界,且又各自带出了自己的学生,活跃于当今的史坛。现代学术的薪火由此相传。如何表现这一代杰出学人的风范呢?王学典、孙延杰,不是沿用传统的手法直叙传主的生平,介绍传主的学术成就,而是独辟蹊径,匠心独运,以《顾颉刚和他的弟子们》为题,以研究他们的师生关系为切入点,     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.