Social Capital and Community Strategies: Neighbourhood Development in Guatemala City

This article uses a social capital framework to analyse the strategies employed by two low–income communities in Guatemala City to improve their physical and social environment. The case studies provide examples of poor communities, without access to any form of insurance or welfare benefits, struggling to achieve neighbourhood development. They also demonstrate the way in which strategies can be defined by the issue of land tenure. Key strategies for development were found to be mobilization through community organization, informal links (including clientelistic relations) with powerful groups, and protest. The author concludes that social capital (within communities and between stakeholders) and some degree of security (land tenure) are critical ingredients for communities to develop effective strategies for neighbourhood development with other stakeholders.     

The Community Structure of Research and Development Cooperation in Europe: Evidence from a Social Network Perspective

The focus of this article is on precompetitive research and development (R&D) cooperation across Europe, as captured by R&D joint ventures funded by the European Commission in the time period 1998–2002, within the Fifth Framework Programme. The cooperations in this program give rise to a bipartite network with 72,745 network edges between 25,839 actors (representing organizations that include firms, universities, research organizations, and public agencies) and 9,490 R&D projects. Participating actors are linked only through joint projects. In this article, we describe a community‐identification problem based on the concept of modularity, use the recently introduced label‐propagation algorithm to identify communities in the network and differentiate the identified communities by developing community‐specific profiles with social network analysis and geographic visualization techniques. We expect the results to enrich our picture of the European Research Area (ERA) by providing new insights into the global and local structures of R&D cooperation across Europe. Este artículo se centra en la cooperación en investigación precompetitiva y desarrollo (I + D) en toda Europa tal y como se manifiesta en iniciativas conjuntas de I + D financiadas por la Comisión Europea durante el periodo 1998–2002, dentro del Quinto Programa Marco (5PM). La cooperación en este programa dio lugar a una red bipartita con 72.745 conexiones entre los 25.839 agentes (representando organizaciones que incluyen empresas, universidades, organizaciones de investigación y organismos públicos), y 9.490 proyectos de I + D. Los agentes participantes están vinculados sólo a través de proyectos conjuntos. En este artículo describimos un problema de identificación comunitaria basado en el concepto de modularidad, usamos el recientemente introducido algoritmo de propagación de etiquetas, Label‐propagation Algorithm (LPA) para identificar las comunidades en la red, y diferenciamos las comunidades identificadas desarrollando perfiles específicos comunitarios mediante el análisis de redes sociales y técnicas de visualización geográfica. Esperamos que los resultados enriquezcan nuestra visión del Espacio Europeo de Investigación (European Research Area, ERA), aportando nuevas perspectivas sobre las estructuras globales y locales de cooperación en I + D en Europa. 本文关注1998–2002年间在第五框架计划（FP5）下由研究与发展联合基金支持的欧盟研发计划中的竞争前欧洲研发合作。该项目合作形成一个在25839个参与者（执行组织,包括企业,大学,研究机构级公共部门）和9490个项目间拥有72745条边的双向网络,参与者仅仅通过合作项目连接。本文描述了基于模块化的社团识别问题。利用最近发展的标签传递算法（LPA）对网络群体进行识别,利用社会网络分析和地理可视化方法构建了群体专属的描述,区分识别出不同研发群体的资料。希望上述结果可以提供欧洲范围内研发合作的全局和局部结构的新视角,从而丰富欧洲研究区（ERA）的图景。     

韩中建交后韩国华侨社会地位变化考察

采用定量分析的方法,对在韩华侨人数变化的趋势、有关在韩华侨研究的概况进行了分析;从政府对华侨的关注及政策的改进、韩中民间经济贸易关系加速、韩国华侨扩大对外交流的努力、华侨学校的再兴等方面阐述了韩中建交后韩国华侨社会的变化;并从政治、经济、社会、文化等层面对韩国华侨地位加以评估。结论是,由于韩国政府对外国人政策的变化,中国人在韩国的影响力日趋显著;受教育、人才等因素的影响,在韩华侨在韩国的地位并无明显改善;随着新华侨影响幅度的加强,在韩华侨社会有很大的发展前景;韩国政府对于外国人的政策已有相应程度的改善,包容多种文化的政治态度应予以肯定。     

身份认同、社会资本与商业拓展——马来西亚的中国回族商人个案研究

论文基于社会资本的理论视角,考察了马来西亚中国回族移民的概况,以中国回族移民在马来西亚从事纺织品业、旅游业和教育中介业的商人及企业为个案,考察中国回族商人如何在马来西亚的多元族群社会及政治经济环境中协商、重构并利用其"中国人"与"穆斯林"的身份,积极建立并维护社会关系网络,获取并积累社会资本。研究显示,马来西亚的社会背景因素,连同中国回族移民基于宗教认同与族群认同而建立的在当地的社会网络以及与中国的跨国网络,从中获得商业合伙人的信任、政府的支持以及社会资源,成为了促进中国回族移民在马来西亚商业发展的社会资本。     

Country Music and the South: A Cultural Geography Perspective

Cultural geographers have failed to examine one of the most significant culture items unique to the American South— country music. Examination of the history, folklore, and sociology literature provides data on the area of origin and diffusion routes of the vocal and instrumental characteristics of early country music. The mixing of musical cultures in the South led to the origin and evolution of seven substyles of country music during the twentieth century: traditional, singing cowboy, western swing, honky tonk, bluegrass, country pop, and country rock. Despite recent cultural homogenization in the United States, country music continues to maintain its regional association with the American South.     

The Archaeology of War: A North American Perspective

This article reviews recent archaeological research on warfare in prestate societies of native North America. This survey comprises six regions: Arctic/Subarctic, Northwest Coast, California, Southwest/Great Basin, Great Plains, and Eastern Woodlands. Two lines of evidence, defensive settlement behavior and injuries in human skeletal remains, figure prominently in archaeological reconstructions of violence and warfare in these regions. Burning of sites and settlements also has been important for identifying the consequences of war and investigating more subtle aspects of strategy and directionality. Weaponry and iconography have to date provided important but more limited insights. Although considerable disparities exist between regions in the archaeological evidence for intra- and intergroup violence, all regions show a marked increase after A.D. 1000. These findings suggest that larger forces may have been responsible for escalating violence throughout North America at this time.     

北方移民民俗生活的社会记忆——以晋南移入民村调查为例

山西地处黄土高原东部,位于黄河流域中下游地区,被誉为“中华民族的摇篮”,曾孕育了中华民族的悠久文明。历史上中原汉民族与北方各少数民族发生着冲突与交融,这里是人口流动最为频繁的地区,成为中国北方最重要的移民发生地。明清之际,山西形成了声名远播的“大槐树移民”和“走西口”移民,     

(Mal)Development in Central America: Globalization and Social Change

This article develops a globalization framework and a model of transnational processes for analysing social change and development, and then applies the model to Central America. The analysis emphasizes determinacy, in the last instance, of social forces in historic developmental outcomes, and documents how social forces in struggles in an emergent transnational environment have shaped Central America's changing profile within the global economy and society. Revolutionary movements, a new class structure, US geo-political considerations, and the internationalization of East Asian economies, have all contributed to a new model of development; from the 1960s into the 1990s the national model of development is being replaced by a transnational model. Maquiladora garment production, tourism, non-traditional agricultural exports, and remittances from emigrant workers are coming to eclipse traditional agro-exports as the most dynamic economic sectors linking the region to globalized circuits of production and distribution. The article also examines Central American migration to the US and gender dimensions of the new transnational model of development.     

Constructing Social Capital: Self‐Help Groups and Rural Women's Development in India

The success of the group approach in rural micro‐finance among women has inspired the tendency to look at all networking as essentially good and desirable in rural community development, without acknowledging the entrenched caste, class, ethnic and religious hierarchies that lead to diversities among women. Government schemes designed for poverty alleviation among rural women tend to be influenced by concepts and models that have been successful elsewhere, but do not take into account the diversities of situations at the local level. Internationally popular catchwords are used indiscriminately without questioning how these concepts can work effectively in the specific local context. This paper examines why some ‘self‐help groups’ fail by using the Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) experience in India. The empirical survey was done over a period of two years in Burdwan, a relatively rich agricultural tract located in eastern India. We argue that whilst the ‘group’ has inherent benefits, it must never be allowed to become the paradigm in developmental policies for women.     

Cooperative Housing and Social Cohesion: The Role of Linking Social Capital

Abstract

The article examines the role of housing cooperatives for social cohesion in the city by introducing linking social capital which grasps the vertical dimension of social capital. Housing cooperatives represent a crucial intermediate level between residents and urban housing policy, thus providing opportunity structures for bottom-linked citizen participation. Drawing on the case of Vienna, a large-scale household survey and interviews with key informants provide empirical evidence on the importance of a form of social capital which links actors at different levels in the spatial hierarchy: residents, housing managers and political decision-makers. The findings add to our understanding of the opportunities and problems with resident participation in a policy field structured by multi-level governance. Our two-level analysis shows that the dominant model of governance, top-down as well as neoliberal, has structurally limited the room for participatory practices in cooperative housing. Nevertheless, we argue that professional housing cooperatives have a potential to give residents a voice beyond the neighbourhood. Their strong linkages with public decision-makers at different scales can help leverage ideas and resources of residents.     

Assessing Oneota Diet And Health: A Community And Lifeway Perspective

Abstract

This preliminary study uses a gross measure of potential nutritional adequacy as a starting point from which to examine the interplay of the dietary impact of corn agriculture and the complexity of community health. We use subsistence data from three Oneota sites (ca. A.D. 1300 to 1650) in the La Crosse locality of southwestern Wisconsin, Tremaine (47 -Lc-95), OT (47 -Lc-262) and Filler (47 -Lc-149), to model nutritional adequacy of diet at each site. Following the assessment of available nutrients, skeletal pathologies often interpreted within a dietary framework in Oneota studies (dental caries, enamel hypoplasias, porotic hyperostosis, and cribra orbitalia) are considered. The Tremaine site with its longhouses and associated human burials provides an important context for understanding health, diet and disease in an Oneota community. We suggest that the etiology of the skeletal pathologies is best understood within a framework that incorporates lifeway choices linked to settlement and subsistence impacts on the community, such as increasing population density within longhouses, rather than explanations that focus on issues of nutrient availability due to food shortages or narrowing of food choices.     

被边缘化的群体：印度华侨华人社会的变迁

针对国内外印度华侨华人研究边缘化的现状,从人口特征、职业特征、文教事业及社团、宗教信仰及族际通婚等方面对20世纪50年代的印度华侨社会进行了分析,对印度排华运动、由此造成的印度华人社会的衰落,以及中国政府接侨及归侨的安置情况进行了阐述,认为印度社会经济的快速发展和两国关系的改善和发展,将会对印度华人社会产生积极的影响。     

General Social Capital,Education‐Related Social Capital,and Choosing Charter Schools

Proponents of charter schools credit them with many advantages over traditional schools. One claim is that school choice yields increased parental participation in voluntary school activities—which we shall call education‐related social capital. In this article we test for the independent effect of school choice on education‐related social capital, controlling for general social capital and other potentially confounding variables. Studies of school choice invariably show that choosing parents have a greater level of general social capital than non‐choosing parents. Consequently, any increase in education‐related social capital could be spurious—due to the fact that choice parents start with atypically high levels of general social capital. We find under controlled conditions that school choice has a small but statistically significant effect on education‐related social capital. However, its effect is considerably smaller than for general social capital, as well as for other traditional predictors such as parental education and the school‐related home resources that parents may provide.     

Accountability,motivation and practice: NGOs North and South

This Article does not have an abstract.