技术、产业和地方:互联网的经济地理学

从技术与经济的角度入手,在已有的文献资料基础上,对互联网的经济地理学研究进展进行了总结和评述。互联网技术条件下,新空间的产生孕育了新地理学的浮现。文章从互联网的技术基础设施、数码空间区隔、互联网内容产业和电子商务等四个方面总结了互联网经济地理学的研究动态及主要观点。最后还重新审视了网络空间和地理空间之间的相互辨证关系,并提供了进一步研究的方向。     

STATE, CLASS AND INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRASILIAN STEEL INDUSTRY

This paper examines the forces underlying the development and form of the Brasilian steel industry since the 1930s. Foreign direct investment has been limited by Brasilian nationalist policies and by higher costs of steel production, but large scale, integrated plants could not be built by private capital due to insufficient resources. Thus the Brasilian steel industry combines large scale state owned plants (financed by foreign capital) and smaller scale privately owned plants. The operations of the plants are coordinated to reduce market uncertainty, permit the steel sector to advocate its own expansion plans, and delimit the spheres of public and private capital while excluding foreign commodity and productive capital. Even so, in the 1980s the steel industry in Brasil has faced a crisis of declining local demand, prompting a rapid expansion of exports.     

RELATIVE VALUE: THE FINANCING OF FAMILIES

Abstract

For most individuals, financial survival depends upon luck, matching income to expenditure, paid work and the mobilization of resources via a series of links acquired through kinship, neighbourliness, friendship, ethnicity, religion or shared interests. This is a guide to some of the secondary sources that discuss external resources; friendly societies, building societies, life insurance, businesses and the co-operative movement and the relationship of each of these to families. The aim is draw attention to disparate studies in these fields and to encourage further small-scale research that challenges the privileged position so frequently accorded to aggregate evidence accumulated by focusing on the national level, rather than the family and community level.     

农业历史地理环境变迁与农业地域拓展

农业地理环境是农业生产诸自然条件中影响最大的因素之一。历史过程之中,以地理环境条件为基础,伴随农业生产技术的纵深迈进,农业经济的开发与中心转移呈现出明显的层次性与地域性特征:率先是黄河中下游地区的旱作农区,次为长江流域稻作农区,进而是高寒农区的开发。     

THE INCIDENCE AND REGULATION OF PLANT SHUTDOWNS*

This paper analyzes the proposed plant closing legislation, together with other complementary approaches to the orderly regulation of private capital disinvestment, especially as it occurs in the form of large-scale plant or store shutdowns. The authors also provide a review of the recent data on the incidence and employment impact of shutdowns during the 1970's, in particular industries, by region and by form of ownership.     

康体休闲产业的机遇与市场进入

康体休闲旅游从作为洒店、或一般俱乐部的经营项目,正在转化为独立的旅游经营实体(康体休闲俱乐部,或综合中心),并促进其形成产业,本文以实证规范化方法,从实务和实例两方面阐述康体休闲产业所面临的机遇和怎样进入市场。     

STATE, CLASS AND INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL 1: BACKGROUND TO THE BRASILIAN STEEL INDUSTRY

By 1980, the Brasilian steel industry had grown to be the eighth largest among the market economies. It is a largely state-owned industry, much of the expansion of which has been funded by international capital. The pattern of development has not been externally imposed, however, but rather reflects the changing balance of class forces within Brasil as policies oscillate between nationalist, populist limits on foreign investment and open, pro-development strategies that rely on foreign investment. Both policies develop their own contradictions, that are reflected in frequent military interventions.