The Nature and Genesis of the Peutinger Map

The place of the Peutinger map in the history of both ancient and medieval geography and cartography is controversial. Many basic questions as to its sources, dating and purpose remain unanswered. In the light of various pieces of new evidence these problems are reassessed. It is argued that the Peutinger map does derive from a Roman original but that, without precedent in Roman cartography or impact on later medieval cartography, the mapping of itinerary data onto a base map of the oecumene is likely to be a genuine innovation of the designer of the archetype. There is no need to suppose the map to be an officially state‐sponsored product. The sources relied upon were commonly available and would have been familiar to the public in late antiquity. The purpose of the map is more likely to have been ornamental than practical. It is impossible to determine a precise date or location for the creation of the archetype, but the cultural viewpoint embodied in the map is undoubtedly antique, Latin and western.     

卢梭回归自然的美学之境

卢梭的“自然美”思想丰赡深邃,精远宏阔.从美育目标、理念、重点三个层面梳理了卢梭自然主义美育思想的核心内容,将其教育特点归纳为整体性、平民性、情感性和自然性,并着重阐述了这一思想对新时期我国美育工作的四个重要启示:即注重美育工作的辩证性;尊重美育实践的主体性;激励美育过程的情感性;倡导美育内容的生态性.     

“一年之丧”源流考论

在体现着浓重的宗法伦理精神的中国古代丧服制度中,"三年之丧"具有特别重要的地位.可是自古迄今,对于"三年之丧"起源于何时这一问题,人们一直聚讼纷纭,迄无定论.在对历史上关于"三年之丧"起源的种种观点进行了综合考察即可发现,<札记·三年同>等先秦典籍所提出的"三年之丧,二十五月而毕"的主张实际上是对春秋战国之世人们要求"短丧"的呼声的让步和妥协.     

“亚细亚生产方式”的社会性质与中国文明起源的路径问题

亚细亚生产方式是马克思主义历史学的重大理论问题之一,也是马克思社会形态学说的重要组成部分。关于这一理论概念内涵的理解,大体可以分为五形态体系内说和五形态体系外说。五形态体系内说的原始社会说,更切合马克思社会形态学说史的实际。亚细亚的原始所有制以及由此构成的亚细亚生产方式,是东西方都曾经历过的人类社会的早期阶段。中国原始聚落共同体所有制,是亚细亚的所有制的最古老形式之一。从中国原始聚落形态的角度研究中国文明起源的路径,更切合马克思关于生存方式决定文明起源路径的思想,也印证了亚细亚生产方式为原始社会说。     

东亚区域意识的源流、发展及其现代意义

本文认为,近代以前,东亚地区存在独特的国际关系秩序与深厚的历史文化传统,同西亚、北非、南亚、中美洲一样,是世界最重要的文明地区之一,有明确的区域意识。区域意识的产生离不开它的历史文化传统和地理环境。就东亚地区的国家关系而言,中、日、韩三国关系极为密切,探讨区域意识的源流与发展,是理解东亚文明的关键。经过千百年曲折发展之后,东亚区域意识又焕发青春,显示出勃勃生机。东亚区域意识正同其日益崛起的经济一样,影响卓然可见。从更为广阔的时空背景来看,东亚区域意识的形成与发展过程,也是东亚地区从自在阶段到自为阶段的历史性跨越,有利于推动本地区各国共同发展与繁荣。     

“了解之同情”与人地关系研究

一、一种研究范式的分析：人地关系演变的“三阶段论” 人类活动与地理环境之间的关系(简称“人地关系”)及其演变过程与规律,长期以来一直是地理学、环境科学、生态学和历史学等学科研究的重要课题。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,各个学科均逐步形成或正在形成有关人地关系研究的某些“范式”(或“范型”,paradigrm)或“共识”。人们普遍相信：人地关系是人类起源以来就存在的客观关系,地理环境与人类社会均处于不断运动变化而又相互影响、相互制约当中。人地关系的演变是一个漫长的历史发展过程,这一过程大体经历了三个阶段：     

Genesis for Historians: Thomas Abbt on Biblical and Conjectural Accounts of Human Nature

Summary

Natural sociability and the basic features of human nature stood at the centre of Thomas Abbt's confrontation with conjectural history, the popular eighteenth-century mode of reconstructing the evolution of human culture. Abbt (1738–1766) criticised conjectural histories due to their arbitrary character, and opted for a synthetic approach consisting of both sacred and secular history. He suggested that the anthropology of Genesis should be accepted as the starting point for a conjectural history, since it left ample room for further questions and speculations. Yet his own perspective on human nature and its evolution remained naturalistic, as attested by his divergent interpretations of the confusion of tongues at Babel. Attempting to shed new light on the lesser-known elements of Abbt's work, the essay links his views on the Bible and conjectural history to his debate with Moses Mendelssohn over the constitution and destination of man. In this debate, both Mendelssohn and Abbt dealt with the contemporary controversy over the natural or artificial character of sociability, self-interest, and fellow-feeling.     

试析土族服饰的审美意识

土族是青海省特有的少数民族。本文从土族男女服饰的颜色、面料、装饰图案等外在形式入手,分析了蕴涵在土族服饰中的审美意识。     

“敬天爱人”的文化蕴含与人文层面

稻盛和夫是日本著名的企业家,他先后创立了京都陶瓷公司、第二电讯电话公司、蜂巢式无线电话公司、金属铱计划公司、DDI携带电话公司、京瓷多媒体电讯公司等七个公司。其中第二电讯电话公司现已被列入世界五百强企业的行列之中。日本企业界把他视为楷模,甚至有人称他为“经营之圣”;在世界经济舞台上他也享有较高的声誉。现有三千多名日外企业家作为他的学生在他所办的“盛和塾”里学习研究他的经营思想。     

Entrepreneurial Manchester: The Genesis of Elite Consensus

The article reviews the changing strategies of Manchester's Labour-controlled city council from 1987 and the emergence of "urban entrepreneurialism" as the hegemonic framework for local strategy. It is argued that the supply-side emphasis on "bricks and mortar" regeneration, flagship developments, and place-marketing depended on the emergence of both tacit and formal partnerships and the consolidation of an elite consensus. Such partnerships were substantially directed at securing discretionary grant funding in direct competition with other cities. The article goes on to analyse the reasons for the city's relative success in this competition, and the processes through which elite consensus was secured and consolidated.     

The Nature of Value and the Value of Nature: a Philosophical Overview

In an article exploring the philosophical issues raised by environmentalism, Ben Rogers argues for an alternative both to the narrowly economic and to an extravagantly mystical concept of Nature. Species and ecosystems, mountain ranges and mineral reserves have an intrinsic value in the sense that Nature moves and disturbs us independently of our concern for our own welfare or happiness. This analysis enables us to see the inadequacy of cost-benefit analysis, which treats natural goods as commodities. At the same time, recognizing that the natural environment has an intrinsic value does not in itself release us from the necessity of making difficult choices or from hard decisions as to what is and what is not 'natural'. One way of clarifying the place that Nature occupies in our scheme of values is by way of analogies with heirlooms, works of art and historic towns and cities. These analogies shed light on what it means to insist that natural goods are not commodities, but are something we hold in trust.     

The Problematic Nature of Nature: The Post-constructivist Challenge to Environmental History

This article discusses the program of environmental history within the larger discipline of history and contrasts it with more recent contributions from post‐constructivist science. It explores the ways in which post‐constructivism has the potential to productively address many of the shortcomings of environmental history's theories and models that environmental historians themselves have begun to view with a critical eye. The post‐constructivist authors discussed in this article, Donna Haraway and Bruno Latour, both represent challenges to the ways in which nature and the natural sciences tend to be conceptualized as non‐problematized entities within environmental history. They also challenge the ways in which dichotomies of nature and culture tend to be reproduced within the program of environmental history. It is argued that these post‐constructivist contributions represent a radical and arguably more truly historical way of introducing non‐human actors into the historical narrative, and thus represent a potential reinvigoration of environmental history that would embrace a more radical historicity, greater diversity, and openness to difference.     

The beginning of ideology: Consciousness and society in the French reformation

David Lewis presented Convention as an alternative to the conventionalism characteristic of early-twentieth-century analytic philosophy. Rudolf Carnap is well known for suggesting the arbitrariness of any particular linguistic convention for engaging in scientific inquiry. Analytic truths are self-consistent, and are not checked against empirical facts to ascertain their veracity. In keeping with the logical positivists before him, Lewis concludes that linguistic communication is conventional. However, despite his firm allegiance to conventions underlying not just languages but also social customs, he pioneered the view that convening need not require any active agreement to participate. Lewis proposed that conventions arise from “an exchange of manifestations of a propensity to conform to a regularity” (87–8).

In reasserting the conventional quality of languages and other practices resting on mutual expectations, Lewis comfortably works within the analytic tradition. Yet he also deviates from his predecessors because his conventionalist approach is comprehensively grounded in instrumentalism. Lewis adopts an extension of David Hume's desire-belief psychology articulated in rational choice theory. He develops his philosophy of convention relying on the highly formal mid-twentieth-century expected utility and game theories. This attempt to account for language and social customs wholly in terms of instrumental rationality has the implication of reducing normativity to preference satisfaction. Lewis’ approach continues in the trend of undermining normative political philosophy because institutions and practices arise spontaneously, without the deliberate involvement of agents. Perhaps Lewis’ Convention is best seen as a resurgent form of analytic philosophy, characterized by “a style of argument, hostility to [ambitious] metaphysics, focus on language, and the dominance of logic and formalization” that solves the dilemma of “combining the analytic inheritance…with normative concerns” by reducing normativity to individuals’ preference fulfillment consistent with the axioms of rational choice.     

真妄与心识——摄论师的心识思想

本文依敦煌本《摄大乘论章》以及道基《摄论章》,探讨了摄论师的心识思想。道基是综合、概括真谛所有的译典,是属于完全继承真谛的心识论,即使是用引用《楞伽经》、《十地经论》,亦是其与虚妄唯识相应的一面;而《摄大乘论章》则融合地论师的心识思想,但是仍然以摄论学派为主,可见是受地论学派影响的摄论师;其作者考定为灵润。