新文化史、微观史和大众文化史——西方有关成果及其对中国史研究的影响

西方史学界正在发生着一个转向,新文化史、微观史、大众文化史研究的发展便是这个转向的重要标志之一.这个演讲将就这个转向的重要成果进行简要的介绍,并评述其对中国史研究的影响.演讲分四个部分,首先介绍西方新文化史和微观史学;然后概述中国史研究的有关成果;第三部分以我自己最近的研究课题为例,来看目前西方史学的这个新趋势对我自己学术发展的影响;最后,我还将就新文化史、微观史、大众文化史研究与中国史研究的若干问题提出我的一些思考.     

Paleolithic Art: A Cultural History

In this article we review the history of the terms and ideas that have been used to conceptualize Paleolithic art since the end of the 19th century. Between 1900 and 1970, prehistoric representations were typically divided into two main groups: parietal art (including rock and cave art) and portable (or mobiliary) art. This classification gave rise to asymmetrical attitudes about Paleolithic images. In particular, many portable and nonfigurative representations were overlooked while a small number of cave paintings were praised for their realism. Although the portable/parietal division has remained a popular divide among archaeologists, in the last 30 years increasing numbers of specialists have crossed the boundaries established by these categories. They have developed new frameworks within which more kinds of images are meaningfully approached and incorporated into the analysis of Paleolithic art and symbolism. The emergence of new approaches to Pleistocene imagery is the result of a number of interrelated processes, including the globalization of Paleolithic art studies, the impact of new discoveries, and the development of new approaches to art, images, and symbolism.     

文化史学是什么?--兼论新旧文化史学的内在一致性

与以兰克为代表的政治史学相比较,文化史学主要围绕四个命题(或假设)而展开。第一,从研究对象看,文化史书写的不是攸关国家命运的重大事件和政治精英的历史,而是人民大众的历史。新文化史研究的课题虽趋于多样化,但对人民大众特别是下层民众和弱势群体的重视有增无减。第二,从历史观念看,文化史书写的不是一治一乱的历史,而是进步的历史。新文化史家并未远离进步,进步主义史观是其反思和批判的主要对象之一。第三,在目标和方法上,文化史学不以确立单个历史事实为至高无上的职责,而是要求揭示历史事实之间的复杂关系,并究明关系得以展开的背后因素。传统文化史重在探求历史背后的理性精神、科学法则、公理公例,新文化史聚焦文化的历史象征、意义和价值。第四,关于文化史学的功能和任务,无论新旧文化史均不满足于追求历史的真相,而是含有比较浓厚的致用色彩,重视在思想启蒙、教化民众以及文化认同等方面发挥作用。     

罗杰·夏蒂埃的新文化史研究

罗杰·夏蒂埃是当代法国年鉴学派第四代的重要人物,通过对以"心态史"为代表的传统年鉴文化史学的批判,夏蒂埃提出了其以"表象"和"实践"为核心的新的文化史观,强调文化的基础作用,重视对文本和阅读的历史考察.其文化史观与整个当代欧美史学的主要趋势--新文化史运动相呼应,是其中重要的理论分支之一.     

Music and Physics: A Cultural,Interdisciplinary History

This essay investigates the triangular exchange among physicists, musicians, and instrument makers in nineteenth‐century Germany by proffering a material, cultural, and interdisciplinary history. It does so by analyzing four concrete examples of such exchanges: the relationship between musical automata and virtuosi, the reed pipe as an object of music and scientific measurement, the history of standardizing performance pitch, and the attempts to measure musical virtuosity. The goal of the essay is to suggest ways in which interdisciplinary cultural histories, which take the scientific content seriously, can be an improvement upon purely disciplinary histories.