《四库全书总目》研究方法论

18世纪下半叶,大型丛书《四库全书》和撮举四库收录、存目书原委大凡的《四库全书总目》相继问世,前者有“东方文化的金字塔”之誉,后者视野宏大、气概非凡,以它们为焦点,中国古典文化展示了它的最后辉煌。 自《四库全书总目》问世,围绕《四库全书总目》的专门性研究逐步展开,胡玉搢、王欣夫撰成《四库全书总目提要补正》;余嘉锡先生从17岁起研读《四库全书总     

上海图书馆藏《四库全书总目》残稿发覆——以清代别集为例

上海图书馆藏《四库全书总目》残稿是乾隆四十六年二月至四十七年七月期间四库馆臣修订《四库全书总目》时抽换下来的零页汇集。它反映了这一阶段《四库全书总目》的面貌及其变化,仅从清代别集部分就可以看出,一些原拟抄录的著作被移入存目(原因很可能是时间紧迫来不及抄录),而相应提要的褒贬倾向也随之发生变化。这对于我们认识《四库全书》及《四库全书总目》的纂修过程有着非常重要的意义。     

清代文化史研究的新创获——读《文化视野下的〈四库全书总目〉》

无论对于中华文化还是对于清代文化来说,十八世纪都是甚为辉煌的一页,千年的古典文化之流在这里积淀。正是在这一历史阶段,规模空前的大型图书先后涌现,它们标志着文化的熟落、文化的总结以及文化的反省。《四库全书总目》(下称总目)正是在这样一种文化氛围中应运而生。《总目》是中国古代最为系统、完善的目录学巨著,它撮举《四库全书》收录、存目书的提要,辨别考订著作源流,并以超凡的眼力品评先代前贤,议论风生,是中国文化史上难得的学术精品。《总目》一出,世人瞩目,研究者众,以《四库全书》及《总目》为研究对象     

《容斋随笔》刊误

南宋学者洪迈的《容斋随笔》（分《随笔》《续笔》《三笔》《四笔》和《五笔》共七十四卷）包括经史百氏、文学艺术、宋代掌故以及人物评价诸方面的内容,资料丰富,考据多为精确。《四库全书总目提要》卷—一八许其“精博”,并说“南宋说部,终当以此为首”。不过,是书亦略有所失,今说如下：《随笔》卷二“秦用他国人”条：“魏国人公孙鞅……吴起……盖卫人也。”按：据《史记·商鞅列传》,公孙秋为卫人。《荀子·议兵篇》《战国策·秦策一》《史记·秦本纪》《商鞅列传》《新序·善谋篇》等据国,或称之为卫轶。洪氏以之为“魏人”,…     

《容斋随笔》纠误之三

洪迈《容斋四笔》卷八《历代史本末》篇 ,缕举前代史籍 ,始自《尚书》尧、舜二典 ,下讫新、旧《五代史》颇详 ;《四库全书总目》曾称其“无所发明”(卷 1 1 8《容斋随笔》) ,实则其中还不免间有错误 ,略述于下。第一、关于《后汉书》补志问题。《历代史本末》篇说 :后汉之事 ,初命儒臣著述于东观 ,谓之《汉记》 ,其后有袁宏《纪》 ,张、薛莹、谢承、华峤、袁山松、刘义庆、谢沈皆有《书》 ,宋范晔删采为十纪 ,八十列传 ,是为《后汉书》 ,而张以下诸家尽废 ,其《志》则刘昭所补也。《容斋四笔》卷一《范晔汉志》篇中还说 :《新唐书·艺文…     

论胡玉缙《四库全书总目提要补正》

《四库全书总目》修成后,因为钦定,一直未有公开的补正论著问世。民国时期,这种禁忌方被打破,专门论著得以问世,代表性著作有余嘉锡的《四库提要辨证》、胡玉缙的《四库全书总目提要补正》等。本文择胡玉缙《四库全书总目提要补正》,就其的辑录荟粹之功,以及颇具特色案语的学术价值进行分析评介,并把它与余嘉锡《四库提要辨证》进行比较,以见民国时期研究《四库全书总目》的特点。     

孔尚任遗著《节序同风录》论考

《节序同风录》,清孔尚任撰,是一部谈论一年十二个月节日风俗的重要民俗学著作,《阙里文献考》、《四库全书总目》对其均有介绍。由于该书不曾刊刻,《四库全书总目》又归入《存目》,所以自乾隆以后,鲜为人知,直到上世纪90年代《四库全书存目丛书》的编纂出版,《节序同风录》才与世人见面,为更多的读者所了解。现对这部书进行初步考察,     

《辽史》、《金史》评议

元修《辽史》、《金史》,后世赞毁不一,《四库全书总目》纪盷和《廿二史札记》赵翼之说出,学史者多信之不疑,至今仍不免。近读两史,以为对它们的评价实有重新探讨的必要,敢一抒管见于次。一《四库全书总目》评《辽史》说:“…潦草成编,实多疏略,其间左史右诎,痕迹灼然。…然其书以实录为凭,无所粉饰。…此三史所由并行而不可偏废欤?…纪盷还指摘《辽史》撰写,所据文献不足,又考证欠详等等。赵翼《甘二史·札记》则云:“辽史最简     

新发现的四库全书馆誊录档册考述

新发现的四库全书馆誊录档册是纂修《四库全书》时武英殿四库全书馆的工作档案。其内容有关《四库全书》纂修初期武英殿四库全书馆的誊录人员、誊录书籍、稽核、分等、奖罚等,涉及四库全书开馆初期誊录《四库全书》典籍时底本的选用等问题;有助于丰富对纂修《四库全书》流程的认识,也为其他《四库全书》相关文献,如《四库全书总目》《四库全书初次进呈存目》、翁方纲《纂校四库全书事略》等文献的断代和互证提供参考。     

曲解与泛化：《四库全书》纪事本末类衍生史辨

<正>清修《四库全书》于史部下专设“纪事本末”一类,正式将其确定为独立的史书体裁,与纪传、编年鼎足而三,不啻为中国学术史上的一大关节。《四库全书总目》(以下简称《总目》)关于纪事本末体的定义,构成了后人理解、认识这一史体的基本框架,时至今日,研究者在讨论纪事本末体的起源、范围、意义等问题时,仍多以承认、因循其中既定轨辙为前提,⁽(1)) 而鲜有人对此框架本身加以反思和拆解。事实上,《总目》对纪事本末体史书概念、范畴的界定绝非无懈可击,     

Returned Diplomats,French Engineers,and the Qingxi Ironworks: Self-Strengthening and Self-Representation in the Late Qing

This article explores the history of the Qingxi Ironworks in late Qing Guizhou. Instead of focusing on state-centered industrialization or technology transfer and scientific knowledge in Qing mining and coal enterprises, this study focuses on the individual ambitions and identity construction of two returned diplomats—Chen Jitong and Chen Mingyuan—who sought to claim authority over a mining interest in China’s southwest interior. By leveraging their knowledge of the West to serve as intermediaries between state and foreign commercial interests, these cosmopolitan yet marginalized elites sought to convert their foreign expertise and avowed commitment to “self-strengthening” into new forms of social and political capital. An examination of the personal networks and written accounts surrounding their entrepreneurial ventures sheds light on the opportunities and challenges experienced by a generation of “foreign affairs” experts in repositioning themselves within the transforming Qing polity through participation in industrialization projects.     

“扬州书信”所见“青溪旧屋”刘氏著作刊行考略

扬州"青溪旧屋"刘氏家族是自清嘉庆至民国时期数代相传的书香世家,其学术影响贯通中外。最近,古城扬州发现的数十通民国时期书信,内容涉及刘氏家族著作的出版发行情况,为研究其著作的传播与影响提供了鲜为人知的资料,也为后人了解和研究当时的图书出版事业提供了第一手鲜活的资料。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.