跨文化旅游者消费行为研究综述

近年来,随着旅游活动全球化的发展,跨文化旅游者的消费模式成为旅游学界关注的热点问题。本文通过国内外实证研究的文献检索,对不同文化背景的旅游者在旅游决策与信息搜集、旅游动机与偏好、客主交往、服务质量评估等方面的消费行为与特征进行述评,最后概括我国学术界的相关研究,并对今后的研究方向提出建议。     

Classical and Liberal Republicanisms and the New Consumer Culture

United States archaeologists working on the East Coast have recognized a massive discard of consumable goods, such as ceramics and glass, in archaeological contexts that date to the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Explanations for this phenomenon have varied from "changing households" to "style consciousness" to the "Americanization of the U.S. population." I examine the acquisition and eventual discard of consumer goods from several working-class households found at a former industrial armory town, Harpers Ferry. The town is about 60 mi from several coastal port towns and the domestic assemblages display a pattern similar to that of the East Coast sites, although there is a lag of about a decade. While economic models are often used by archaeologists to explain human behavior, cultural patterns are more complex and a variety of phenomena needs to be examined. The growth of consumerism and the eventual massive discard of goods in Harpers Ferry may also be explained by the fall of classical republicanism and the rise of liberal republicanism and romantic ideals in the United States.     

Consumer and Producer Behavior in a Multipurpose Shopping Environment

This paper analyzes the shopping behavior of consumers across space within the context of multipurpose shopping. The degree of multipurpose shopping is derived, as are the optimal number of single- and multipurpose trips, and the quantities of high- and low-order goods purchased on such trips. It is shown that all consumer choice variables are a function of consumer location relative to producer location. The consumer analysis is then utilized as an input into the profit-maximizing equation that determines optimal producer location. The model is illustrated through the use of numerical analysis.     

消费心理的变化及其市场特征

进入新世纪以来,世界性的消费需求正朝着多样化、个性化方向发展,商品生产和消费趋势也出现了新特点,概括起来,一是高级化,二是安全化,三是健康化,四是简便化,五是风行化,这种商品生产和消费趋势不仅引起各国商业界的关注,也促进了人们对消费动机与消费行为的研究。     

Prousa/Bursa,a city within the city: chorography,conversion and choreography

Abstract

Narratives on the birth of the Ottoman city of Bursa, the first capital of the Ottomans, known to the Byzantines as Prousa, highlight its early Ottoman identity. Although Bursa represents one of the richest legacies of early Ottoman architecture, the city's urban fabric has suffered from several fires and earthquakes that resulted in heavy restorations and remodellings. The first aim of this paper is to discuss the textual and visual evidence for the built environment in the early fourteenth century and, second, to offer commentary on the Ottoman attitude toward Byzantine architecture in an effort to unearth the Byzantine substrata of Ottoman Bursa. In the service of the latter goal, this article debunks the Ottoman-centric views. With the aid of drawings of Bursa's upper city that predate the 1855 earthquake we may begin to visualize a city far less uniform in character, in which the Byzantine legacy both endured and informed the construction and urban design practices of the ascendant Ottomans.     

The garden city idea in Australia

Ebenezer Howard's Garden City idea occupies an important place in the history of British planning, and in various guises it made a significant international impact. A preliminary exploration of the history of the idea in Australia is attempted, focussing on its meaning as a schema for social reform and on its impact on the landscape. The first two ‘phases’ saw the rise of ‘garden city principles’ to describe a model house and garden suburbia which was to redeem urban Australia. In the 1920s these ‘town planning principles’ were used mainly to sell land, but in a fourth phase beginning in the early 1930s they were refined into neighbourhood planning ideas, combining with previously neglected concepts of the satellite town and green belt to approach more closely the original vision of a garden city. This reformist text emerged as town planning was finally accorded professional respectability; however, with the ambiguous exception of Canberra, the promise of neither has been realized.     

隆里——一叶浮萍上的古城

称隆里为"一叶浮萍"的古城恰如其分,坐落在山间盆地之中,群山围绕,龙溪河水如玉带揽身蜿蜒北去。在这块聚集了苗、侗等少数民族的土地上,隆里小城书写着自己的故事。