清代玻璃配方化学成分的研究

古玻璃的配方有着鲜明的地域性和时代性。不同地域、不同时代的古玻璃往往有着各不相同的原料配方。其基本原料(二氧化硅SiO_2)、助熔剂(PbO、K_2O、Na_2O)以及着色剂(CuO、Fe_2O_3、MnO、CoO、Au)等取自不同的产地。由于原料配方以及与之相应的设备与工艺不同,使得古玻璃存在着性能、     

化学组成分析辅助判别古陶瓷产地、制作年代及工艺的研究

化学组成分析是古陶瓷科学研究的基础.本文对目前化学组成分析在辅助判别古陶瓷产地、制作年代及工艺中的应用成果作了归纳总结.同时,结合自身研究,举例说明元素化学组成在判别古陶瓷产地、制作年代等一些成功的模式.     

古陶瓷产地及年代判别的科学研究

对古陶瓷胎、釉元素组成进行分析,利用数学分析方法研究不同时期、不同产地古陶瓷在元素组成上的类群关系,以此达到利用科学技术方法对古陶瓷的产地、年代及真伪进行判定的目的,这是目前国内外普遍采用的科技检测方法。     

古陶瓷产地判别的科学研究

一、前言 解决古陶瓷的产地问题是研究古代瓷窑建立、发展、变迁以及各窑之间关系的前提,是陶瓷考古的一项重要内容。目前.鉴定古陶瓷产地的一般方法是把现存器物与古瓷窑发掘标本的造型、胎质、袖色、釉质和纹饰等方面进行对比,然后作出判别。广大陶瓷     

基于XRF与TL技术相结合的古陶瓷产地判别研究

古陶瓷产地判别一直是古陶瓷研究工作的一个重点。为了拓展产地判别的科技研究方法,本研究针对南北方4个不同窑口(越窑、建窑、耀州窑、定窑)的古陶瓷样品,首次结合采用X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)和热释光(TL)测试分析技术相互印证,测定4个窑口样品的胎釉元素组成和热释光特性,并建立相对应的数据库,相互印证判别古陶瓷样品的产地。数据库的统计分析表明:同一窑口的古陶瓷不仅在主量与微量元素化学组成具有一定的地域特征,其热释光的测量灵敏度也存在地域特征性;不同窑口的古陶瓷可以通过元素组成归类和热释光特性的不同加以区分,结合采用XRF与TL测试分析两种技术可以更准确地对古陶瓷产地进行分析判别。     

安徽古玻璃璧分析

安徽古玻璃璧分析王步毅,王昌燧,林淑钦,张庶元３０多年来,我国２０多个省和自治区都出土了一定数量的古玻璃。近十年来,对古玻璃研究的科技人员日益增多,陆续发表了不少高水平的论文。与湖南、江苏等省不同,安徽出土的古玻璃甚少,迄今为此仅三至四处,研究工作甚...     

粗糙集理论（RST）及其在古陶瓷分类上应用的初探

为了获得古陶瓷器的产地和制造年代的信息,需要应用科学分析方法对古陶瓷器的化学组成数据进行归纳、分类。本文介绍了粗糙集理论(RST)的一些基本概念,同时给出了用粗糙集方法建立古陶瓷分类模型的基本步骤和对古陶瓷器化学组成数据的处理方法,通过对瓷器产地、时代判别的应用举例,表明用该方法对古陶瓷分类研究的效果能达到预期目的,回代检验分析结果正确率为100％。     

粗糙集理论（RST）及其在古陶瓷分类上应用的初探

为了获得古陶瓷器的产地和制造年代的信息,需要应用科学分析方法对古陶瓷的化学组成数据进行归纳,分类。本介绍了粗糙集理论（RST）的一些基本概念,同时给出了用粗糙集方法建立古陶瓷分类模型的基本步骤和对古陶瓷器化学组成数据的处理方法,通过对瓷器产地,时代判别的应用举例,表明用该方法对古陶瓷分类研究的效果能达到预期目的,回代检验分析结果正确率为100％。     

商周时期原始瓷的产地问题再思考

原始瓷尤其是北方原始瓷的产地研究,向来受到学术界的关注并讨论热烈,但对北方原始瓷产地问题的认识却迄未统一。本文在对已有观点进行述评的前提下,对原始瓷的出土情况、原始瓷的形制与纹饰、制瓷原料的地理分布、制瓷的工艺技术基础、原始瓷的理化分析、商周之际的交通运输等相关因素进行了综合分析,在此基础上,提出了对北方原始瓷产地问题的新见解。     

基于多元统计分析方法对一批中国南方和西南地区的古玻璃成分的研究

采用多元统计方法对四川、重庆、贵州、广西、广东地区出土的100余个古玻璃样品的化学成分数据进行了分析处理。结果表明:中国南方和西南地区的古玻璃制品主要由具有中国特色的铅钡硅酸盐玻璃和钾硅酸盐玻璃组成,可细分为五大系统类别:K2O CaO(~10wt%)SiO2系统、K2O SiO2系统、PbO BaO SiO2系统、PbO(~25wt%)BaO SiO2系统、CaO PbO(~40wt%)BaO SiO2系统。用因子分析探讨了我国汉代南方和西南地区的玻璃本地生产情况,表明该地区在汉代已经拥有自主生产古玻璃的能力。实验结果和实验数据处理方法对研究古代丝绸之路上古玻璃的生产和技术交流提供了新途径。     

Chemical and lead isotope analysis of some lead-barium glass wares from the Warring States Period,unearthed from Chu tombs in Changde City,Hunan Province,China

In the context of the present study, we have conducted chemical and lead isotope analyses on twelve ancient glass samples unearthed from Chu tombs in Changde City, Hunan Province. The results of the chemical analysis of these samples show that all samples are PbO–BaO–SiO₂ glasses, thus indicating that they are all traditional ancient Chinese glasses. The chemical results also suggest that all Bi wares may either share a common source or were produced according to similar recipes. In turn, the eye beads are different from the Bi wares for their distinct chemical composition. The chemical results indicate that silica, lead-bearing material, barium-bearing material, and sodium/lime-bearing material are the main independent components of the raw materials employed in the production of these glass wares.     

青海大通县出土汉代玻璃的研究

本文共对12件玻璃样品进行化学组成分析.其中,部分样品还进行了密度测定,X 射线衍射分析和显微镜观察.此外,还对一颗黄色玻璃珠的表面层进行 SEM-EDX 分析.结果表明,该玻璃珠表面有金箔涂层.根据分析结果,青海大通县出土玻璃的基础成分可归为三类,即铅钡玻璃(Na_2O-PbO-BaO-SiO_2系统玻璃),钠钙玻璃和钾硅玻璃(K_2O-SiO_2系统)。此外,还对玻璃的来源进行了探讨.     

ROMAN WINDOW GLASS: A COMPARISON OF FINDINGS FROM THREE DIFFERENT ITALIAN SITES

Thirty‐three samples of window glass and five glass lumps coming from three Italian archaeological sites—the Suasa excavations (Ancona, settled from the third century bc to the fifth to sixth centuries ad ), the Roman town of Mevaniola (Forlì‐Cesena, settled from the Imperial Age up to the fourth century ad ) and Theodoric's Villa of Galeata (Forlì‐Cesena, settled from the sixth century ad onwards)—were analysed to track the changes in the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of window glass through the centuries. The aims of this study were: (1) to establish the origin of the raw materials; (2) to verify the chemical homogeneity among samples coming from different sites and/or produced using different techniques; and (3) to sort the samples into the compositional groups of ancient glass. The analysis of all the chemical variables allowed two groups to be distinguished: (a) finds from Mevaniola and Suasa; and (b) finds from Galeata. All the samples had a silica–soda–lime composition, but the analysis of minor elements—in particular, of Fe, Mn, and Ti—made it possible to split the samples into two groups, with the higher levels of these elements always found in the Galeata samples (HIMT glass). In conclusion, it can be asserted that the main differences between the samples are related to their chronology.     

Interpreting elements and isotopes in glass: A review

Substantial databases of elemental and isotopic analyses of ancient glass exist and are used to investigate raw material origin, trade, exchange, and processes such as mixing and recycling. However, the chemistry of archaeological glass may be challenging to the untrained. The paper provides structured information on the origin of chemical elements and their isotopes in ancient glass. It details some of the functions of individual elements in the glass and from which raw material(s) or process(es) they originate.     

中国出土的一批战国古玻璃样品化学成分的检测

对化学成分体系的确定是中国古代玻璃研究中很重要的一个方面,为此,用外束质子激发X荧光技术(PIXE)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析(ICP AES)等方法,对新疆、湖北、河南和重庆等地区出土的一批战国时期的玻璃珠(包含镶嵌玻璃珠)、玻璃璧样品进行了检测。结果表明,战国时期中国境内同时存在PbO BaOSiO2、K2O SiO2、Na2O CaO SiO2三种硅酸盐玻璃,分布的地域范围从中国的新疆东部一直到长江、黄河流域,以及南方的四川、贵州等地区。中国古代的PbO BaO SiO2和K2O SiO2玻璃在技术发展上应该具有密切联系。结合文献资料对这些玻璃的产地等相关问题进行了简要讨论。     

ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS OF MIXED-ALKALI GLASSES

European mixed-alkali glasses are compared with Sayre and Smith's categorisation for ancient glass and with the chemical compositions of other prehistoric and later European glasses. The new categories reported here indicate that a wide range of alkali raw materials was used in the production of glasses found in prehistoric European contexts. At least five major chemical categories of glass are now known to have been used in prehistoric and early Roman Europe. A plant species of the genus Sulicorniu is suggested as a possible alkali source in ancient European glasses.     

Wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis of ancient glasses*

The application of X‐ray fluorescence to the study of the composition of ancient glasses has been limited by the large amount of material required for samples. In this paper the setting of a reduced sampling XRF method for the analysis of ancient glasses is described. The method involves the preparation of glass beads by melting the sample with lithium tetraborate flux. By means of reference and synthetic samples, the method allows regression curves to be set, covering broad ranges from ppm to high concentrations. By means of a single program, up to 31 elements of interest in the study of ancient glass are analysed. The reproducibility, sensitivity and reliability of the method are discussed. The results demonstrate that 0.2 g of glass is sufficient to obtain accurate and sensitive analyses for most of the elements of interest.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance of mosaic glasses from the Mediterranean area*

Ancient mosaic glass tesserae sampled from archaeological sites located in the Mediterranean area have been analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP‐OES). The aim of the research was to understand the role played by 3d transition metals in the optical properties of such samples. In order to better identify the specific effect of the main chromophorous element, modern samples have been prepared in the laboratory by adding to a colourless base frit controlled concentrations of colouring oxides. Samples with compositional and optical properties similar to the ancient ones have been obtained. For all these modern samples, as well as for all the ancient ones, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements have been performed. The features of the EPR spectra could be successfully associated with the presence and abundance of the paramagnetic colouring ions (namely iron, manganese and copper) and to their oxidation states. This could be a basic step towards understanding the provenance and chronological attribution of mosaic glass tesserae.     

古代织品染料的分析

从染草中提取出各种植物染料,然后进行古样品的模拟染色。以薄层色谱法为主要测试手段,并结合化学分析以及高效液相色谱。紫外光谱等近代方法对染料进行分析与鉴定,建立起一套行之有效的天然植物染料分析和鉴定的方法,并成功地用于古代样品的分析,揭示了三千年前古样品染料色素的成分。     

Chemical composition characterization of ancient glass finds from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Troesmis</Emphasis>—Turcoaia,Romania

This paper reports and discusses the chemical composition of 20 glass fragments discovered during the 2012 archeological survey at Troesmis (Turcoaia, Tulcea county, Romania) and dated to the Roman and the Byzantine/Early Medieval periods. The data were obtained by two external Ion beam analysis (IBA) methods—namely Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and Particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE)—and they were compared to the recognized compositional glass groups from the Mediterranean region during the first millennium AD. The Troesmis assemblage turned out to contain samples belonging to several distinct categories of ancient glass, obtained from different raw materials and manufacturing procedures. Some of the analyzed vitreous finds from Troesmis were the result of glass recycling, while others were identified as deriving from Roman glass vessels imported from the Levantine or Egyptian shores of the Mediterranean. This archeometric study brings additional arguments for the long-range commercial exchanges during the Roman period.