赫西俄德的史学地位

赫西俄德是古希腊前史学时期的著名诗人 ,他的诗作《田功农时》和《神谱》中所反映出的历史思想在西方史学的起源上具有重要意义 ,他本人是希腊史学从萌芽状态走向完全形成长过程中的最后一位承上启下的人物     

Social monsters and the walking dead in William of Newburgh's Historia rerum Anglicarum

William of Newburgh's Historia rerum Anglicarum (c.1198) is one of the foremost literary artefacts of the late twelfth century. Contained within Book V are four narratives that detail encounters with the walking dead (‘revenants’). This article contends that the specific placement of these narratives within the Historia encourages the reader to make a metaphysical connection between the activities of the revenant and the conduct of social malcontents. The paper analyses the medieval concept of monstrousness and the cultural context of the Historia’s creation, and argues that learned theories of disease causation underscored the base narratology of the four revenant encounters. Following an appraisal of the unrest caused by Williams FitzOsbert and Longchamp, as well as the kings of England and France, the paper concludes by evaluating the ways in which their social monstrosity was encapsulated by the destabilising and destructive tendencies of the walking corpse.     

The Windrush generation

The Windrush generation have contributed in many ways to the British economy and to British culture. What is the background to the scandalous abandonment of these migrants in recent times?     

Here be monsters: the Irish Industrial Exhibition of 1853 and the growth of Dublin department stores

This article explores the juxtaposition of the 1853 Irish Industrial Exhibition in Dublin and the dramatic rise of department stores in the city during the same decade. It analyses the aims, structure and reception of the 1853 Exhibition within the context of the Irish industrial movement, the economic modernity of the post-Famine era and the dramatic changes to consumer culture which were occurring during the 1850s. The article takes as its focus the hitherto neglected ‘monster house’ controversy – conducted in pamphlets and public lectures – regarding the growth of Dublin's department stores. Coinciding with the 1853 Exhibition, the controversy rehearsed many of the same concerns regarding economic and social structures in Irish urban society in the wake of the Famine. Consideration of the ‘monster house’ controversy alongside the issues raised by the 1853 Exhibition allows a new perspective on the development of middle-class urban life in Dublin during the mid-nineteenth century.     

The generation game: Universality or difference in interpretations of feminisms

Waelti‐Walters, J. and Hause, S.C., Feminisms of the Belle Epoque: A Historical and Literary Anthology (University of Nebrasaka Press, 1994), 338pp., £40 hbk, £15.99 pbk, ISBN 0 8032 9748 3

Moses, G. and Rabine, L.W., Feminism, Socialism, and French Romanticism (Indiana University Press, 1993), 372pp., £35 hbk., £15.99 pbk., ISBN 0 253 20818 1     

The generation of electric fields by aerosol particle flow in the middle atmosphere

The generation mechanism of electric fields in the middle atmosphere based on the interaction between charged aerosol particles and an updrafting air flow is considered. Due to the gravity force there occurs a relative motion of air and aerosol particles which excites electric space charge waves. The mechanism is analogous to that of the resistive beam-plasma instability. It is shown that the most favourable conditions for the instability are realized at heights of 80–90 km in regions where the electron density is relatively low and heavy ions are predominant. Estimates are given for the aerosol component parameters which are necessary for the instability to be switched on.     

The nonlinear mechanism of gravity wave generation by meteorological motions in the atmosphere

Using asymptotic expansions of the hydrodynamic equations in the Rossby number and the method of multiple time scales, we derive approximate expressions for the inhomogeneous “forcing” terms which describe the continuous generation of inertio-gravity waves by quasi-geostrophic motions. As a result of numerical modelling applied to the evolution of tropospheric meso- and macro-scale wave sources, the values of these forcing terms are estimated. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of wave propagation from a mesometeorological tropospheric eddy into the upper atmosphere was done to estimate the gravity wave response to the sources described. The results of the calculations show that the most part of the wave energy propagates quasi-horizontally carried by two-dimensional inertio-gravity waves. At the same time, a part of the energy is transported into the upper atmosphere by internal-gravity waves which can create regions of wave disturbance in the upper atmosphere at considerable distances from the source site. The amplitudes of these waves increase with increasing intensity and decreasing time scales of the wave sources and can reach the values observed in the upper atmosphere.     

The role of acoustic gravity waves in the generation of spread-F and ionospheric scintillation

In the aggregate, acoustic gravity waves in the F-region constitute a spectrum of geophysical noise extending from the frequencies involved in diurnal variations up to the Brunt-Väisälä buoyancy frequency. They drive a roughly uniform power spectrum of travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) with vertical scales of the order of the atmospheric scale height H and with horizontal scales extending from the radius of the Earth down to H. It has been known since the 1950s that this permits multiple normals onto the F-region from an ionosonde, thereby creating the multiple-trace type of spread F on ionograms. At shorter scales the spectrum of TIDs decreases in strength and, below the mean free path of the neutral atmosphere, creates a spectrum of plasma turbulence aligned along the Earth's magnetic field. Progressively shorter scales are responsible for phase scintillation, for amplitude scintillation and for blur-type spread F on ionograms. A weak extension of the spectrum to scales less than the ion gyroradius is responsible for spread F and transequatorial propagation in the VHF band. Under evening conditions in equatorial regions a band of TIDs with wavelengths of the order of 600 km can, at times, have a phase velocity that matches the drift velocity of the plasma (Röttger 1978). This band of TIDs is then amplified until it breaks (Klostermeyer 1978). The associated explosive increase in plasma turbulence creates the plume phenomenon discovered by Woodmn and La Hoz (1976).     

The generation and propagation of atmospheric gravity waves from activity in the auroral electrojet

EISCAT measurements of the electric field in the auroral electrojet are compared with the signature of TIDs propagating equatorward as observed by an HF-Doppler network. At night-time the onset of auroral activity is usually followed by the arrival of a TID at lower latitude. Cross-correlation of the time variations of the electric field measured by EISCAT and the frequency offset recorded by the HF-Doppler system confirms a relationship between the auroral activity and the gravity wave, indicating both the travel time and the periodicity of the wave. The relationship is especially close under quiet conditions when the cross-correlation coefficient is typically 60%, significant at 0.1%. When the observed electric field is used as input to a thermosphere-ionosphere coupled global model it predicts the time signature of the observed HF-Doppler variation reasonably well but seriously underestimates the amplitude of the disturbance. Examination of this discrepancy may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the generation and propagation of atmospheric gravity waves.     

New methods of power generation

Abstract

Future uses of fossil fuels (particularly natural gas), nuclear power, and renewable sources of energy such as hydroelectric and biomass, as well as solar and wind power, are reviewed. Looking further into the future, ocean power sources and possibilities for gravitational energy are identified.     

Geographies of generation: age restrictions in international adoption

International adoption relocates minors, and only minors, from one country to another. The centrality of age to adoptive migration may prevent us from seeing the significance of generation: the prospective parent's age is also examined and evaluated for its relationship to the child's age and what this relationship will mean for the creation of a family. Because international adoption results in children crossing borders to enter new kinship formations, the assumptions under which it operates require closer geographical analysis. Generation, or the age range that separates dependents and their caretakers, is a significant but unstated motivator of international adoption policies and practices. This article argues that a normative and biologized sense of intergenerational difference is embedded in international adoption. The presence of generational ideology in national laws and international norms regarding international adoption demonstrate a broader sense in which policies situate more privileged families as acceptable and others as inadequate. I draw material for this analysis from both legal documents and documents which aim to provide interpretation of those laws, with reference to international adoptions from Peru.     

The second generation of human security: lessons from the UN and EU experience

The concept of human security, while much contested in both academic and policy debates, and highly fragmented across different meanings and forms of implementation, offers a potential locus around which global security discourse might converge, particularly in light of current shifts in US security thinking. However, key pioneers of human security, such as the United Nations and Canada, appear to be losing their enthusiasm for the concept, just at the moment when others such as the European Union, are advancing a human security agenda. This article examines the divergence of human security narratives between the UN and the EU. It argues that the UN's use of the concept ran aground owing to a triple problematic of lack of clarity, confusion between previously distinct policy streams on human rights and human development and conceptual overstretch. After assessing the EU experience with the concept to date, the article argues that future use of human security will require greater focus on how it deepens ideas of individual security, rather than treating it as an agenda for broadening security. As well as a need to project clarity on the conceptual definition of human security, there is also a need to associate human security with greater clarity of intent. If successful, this would contribute to establishing second generation human security as a new policy paradigm.     

第三代领导集体对党的执政能力建设思想的重大贡献

加强党的执政能力建设．是事关党和国家长治久安的带有全局性、根本性和长期性的重大课题。党的第三代领导集体在创造性地实施党的建设新的伟大工程的实践中．对执政能力建设问题进行了锲而不舍的探索。认真研完第三代领导集体对党的执政能力建设思想的重大贡献．对于我们进一步贯彻落实“三个代表”重要思想,从根本上加强执政党能力建设,巩固党的执政地位,具有十分重大的意义。