张闻天与中国红军从内战到抗战的战略转变

中国红军由国内战争到抗日战争的战略性转变,自红军长征到达陕北至抗战初期,历时两年有余。涉及诸多复杂问题。在这一巨大转变的过程中,时任中共总负责人的张闻天运筹主持,率领中共领袖集团及时提出转变任务。调整军事机制。把握军事发展方向,抉择合宜方略,并为日益迫切的大规模民族战争确立了军事战略方针的基本原则和理论。对此一历史性转变的实现作出了重大的历史贡献。正确认识张闻天的这一重要作用,对于此一时期红军史乃至中共党史的研究。均具重要意义。     

Allies at Loggerheads: Sino-U.S.Military Cooperation During the Pacific War, 1941-1945

In the late 1960s,with many American intellectuals frustrated by the Vietnam War,plus the opening of U.S.World War Ⅱ records,the history of the spoiled relations between China and the U.S.were,again,combed through by historians.The "Stilwell Incident," as known by the Chinese (especially in Taiwan),together with the experience of the "China hands," were often the core of historical inquiry.In 1970,Barbara Tuchman published her renowned work:Stilwell and the American Experience in China,1911-1945;and soon her interpretation became prevailing.Over the years,the perception of Stilwell and the China hands,as presented by Tuchman,regarding the conflict between "vinegar Joe" Stilwell and the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek,as well as the fall of the Generalissimo had been accepted as an accurate representation of China's war time history.     

从班洪事件到中缅"1941年线"的划定

班洪事件及“1941年线”的划定,是近代中国边疆史上较为重要的历史事件,直接影响了今天中国的西南边界。学术界对于班洪事件的发生多认为是英帝国主义的越界入侵,至于“1941年线”的产生则很少有人探讨。本文主要借助中、英双方的有关档案对班洪事件的前因后果进行了探讨,认为英政府利用中国方面“刘陈线”绘制的错误,单方面进入滇缅未定界内进行矿藏勘测,从而激起了中国人民的强烈反对,中国国民政府在边界问题上也进行了一定的抗争,但面对抗战的危局与英国的要挟,最终还是做出让步,划定了中缅边界的“1941年线”。     

抗战前后中美英西藏问题的交涉

作为我国边疆领土的一部分,在近现代历史上,西藏很早就受到西方列强的觊觎。与美国相比,老牌殖民帝国英国更早涉入西藏问题,早在20世纪初叶英国就确立了在西藏的势力范围优势。因此,当太平洋战争爆发后美国发现西藏的地缘战略重要性时,势必与英国在西藏的利益发生冲突。本文通过抗战前后中美英关于西藏地位问题的交涉,分析新老列强在西藏问题上立场的不同。由此还可以看到战后美国与英国等欧洲大陆国家的西藏立场差异之由来。