Supernatural Flight

What are the difficultiesinvolving in flying toTibet? The answer: airroutes that challengepilot skills, airportsthat are bard to land on and takeoff, and achangeable climate hard to forecast.Forbidden Air ZoneTibet, in southwestern China, coversan area of 1.2284 million square km, andis widely known as the "roof of theworld".With an average elevation of some4,000 meters, it has 11 peaks each tower-ing at least 8,000 meters above sea level,and some 50 others over 7,000 meters.CAAC Southwest…     

神性的山歌

肇始于1918年的歌谣运动,是我国现代歌谣搜集和研究的第一个高潮。期间的代表性著作,如董作宾《看见她》、刘经庵《歌谣与妇女》、顾颉刚《吴歌甲集》等,都无一例外地将歌谣整理成固化的文本,随后进行相关研究。抗战时期,出现了陈国钧《贵州苗夷歌谣》、光未然《阿细的先鸡》、陈智良《广西特种部族歌谣集》等     

The Uses of Neoliberalism

Abstract: The term “neoliberalism” has come to be used in a wide variety of partly overlapping and partly contradictory ways. This essay seeks to clarify some of the analytical and political work that the term does in its different usages. It then goes on to suggest that making an analytical distinction between neoliberal “arts of government” and the class‐based ideological “project” of neoliberalism can allow us to identify some surprising (and perhaps hopeful) new forms of politics that illustrate how fundamentally polyvalent neoliberal mechanisms of government can be. A range of empirical examples are discussed, mostly coming from my recent work on social policy and anti‐poverty politics in southern Africa.     

The Narrative Uses of Evidence

When scientific evidence is used in policy controversies, it is always embedded in narrative stories. The Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) is an empirical framework used to study the role of narratives in public policy. While the NPF has considered the relationship between evidence and narratives from different angles, it has not used a consistent approach in examining how evidence is embedded in narratives. This article develops a categorization of narrative uses of evidence. A narrative use of evidence is defined by the different roles that evidence plays in the plot of a narrative depending on which narrative element is addressed by a given piece of evidence. To distinguish different narrative uses of evidence, the article examines how competing coalitions use the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) study in Swiss direct‐democratic campaigns on school policy. Quantitative and qualitative content analyses of newspaper articles and governmental documents show how evidence may relate to all main narrative elements and may play different roles in the plot of a narrative. The findings demonstrate significant differences in the narrative uses of PISA between coalitions related to the story types and narrative strategies that each coalition uses. Finally, the implications for future NPF research are discussed.     

论唐代社会的神仙信仰

唐人喜神仙。唐代有作为的皇帝都信神仙,到处寻求丹药,以求长生不死;朝廷中的官和读书人也信仰神仙,特别虔诚,甚至达到了不顾一切的地步;一些宗室贵族、武将、宫人和平民百姓,也十分信仰神仙。有唐一代,神仙信仰广被社会,深入人心,成为鲜明的时代风尚。     

The Good of Wrath: Supernatural Punishment and the Evolution of Cooperation

Abstract

Human cooperation remains a puzzle because it persists even in contexts where traditional theories predict it should not do so (i.e. among unrelated strangers, who never meet again and where reputation effects are absent). The leading explanation argues that cooperation occurs only if non-cooperators are punished. However, punishment is costly, so ‘second-order’ non-cooperators may arise who defect from contributing to punishment, thus unravelling this solution. We propose an alternative: during our history, the fear of supernatural punishment (whether real or not) deterred defectors and may therefore represent an adaptive trait favoured by natural selection. Supernatural beliefs are universal among human societies, commonly connected to taboos for public goods, so it seems plausible that they serve an important function in fostering cooperation. This hypothesis offers an explanation for (a) geographic variation in religious practices as solutions to local cooperation problems; and (b) the power of political appeals to religion to elicit cooperation.     

The Magical and Ceremonial Uses of Fire

G. DRIOUX. Cultes indigènes des Lingons. Essai sur les traditions religieuses d'une cité gallo-romaine avant le triomphe du Christianisme. (Grand in-8 de xxii–227 pages, 6 cartes et 8 planches hors-texte. A. Picard, Paris; Imprimerie Champenoise, Langres. 1934. 60 francs.). Reviewed by A. N. Newell.

THE RAINBOW BRIDGE : A STUDY OF PAGANISM. By JOHN STRONG NEWBERRY. London: Macmillan. 1934. Pp. xv+ 346. 15s. net. Reviewed by H. J. Rose.

THREE ESSAYS ON SEX AND MARRIAGE. By EDWARD WESTERMARCK. Pp. ix.+353. London: Macmillan. 1934. Price 12s. 6d. Reviewed by H. J. Rose.

REVUE INTERNATIONALE DES ÉTUDES BASQUES Vol. xxv, fasc. 2. April–June 1934. Pp. 201–352. Reviewed by P. Barbier.

ROSA SOEDER : DIE APOKRYPHEN APOSTELGESCHICHTEN UND DIE ROMANHAFTE LITERATUR DER ANTIKE. Stuttgart, 1932. W. Kohlhammer. XII. Pp.216. 8⁰. 9″ x 6″. Reviewed by M. Gaster.

LAWRENCE ECKER : ARABISCHER, PROVENZALISCHER UND DEUTSCHER MINNESANG. Bern und Leipzig. Paul Haupt, 1934. 236 pp. 8⁰. 9½″x6½″. Reviewed by M. Gaster.

R. F. FORTUNE. OMAHA SECRET SOCIETIES. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology, vol. xiv. New York, Columbia University Press, 1932. Reviewed by Barbara Aitken.     

Uses of Gold in Jewellery

Abstract

Gold plays a dominant role in the jewellery market. This is to a large extent due to the intrinsic value of gold, its beauty and its unique resistance to tarnish and corrosion. In 1990 the amount of gold used in jewellery was about 2000 t worldwide, reaching about 75% of the total demand for gold. The demands on gold materials for jewellery, its applications in the form of bulk material for wrought and cast jewellery and as gold solutions for electrodeposition and electroforming as well as activities to introduce powder materials for the manufacture of jewellery are described. Today's conventional carat gold alloys are reviewed; coloured gold alloys based on the Au–Ag–Cu system, as well as the white gold alloys, based on Au–Ni or Au–Pd alloys. Additionally, the development of special gold alloys is mentioned, for instance that of a very high carat gold alloy, 990 gold–titanium.     

日本古代国家疫病祭祀中的鬼神观念

镇花祭、道飨祭和疫神祭是日本古代国家神祇祭祀体系中的与疫病有关的祭祀。本文主要是分析这三个祭祀中蕴含的与疫病有关的鬼神观念。镇花祭体现了日本传统的"神作祟"观念,道飨祭是一个混合了中日两种文化因素的祭祀,一方面其思想依据是鬼魅、特别是中国的疫鬼观念;另一方面,道飨祭对于鬼魅的态度并非中国式的暴力威胁,而依然采取日本原有对待神的恭敬态度。疫神祭中的"疫神"则是把中国的疫鬼改造为日本式的"神",纳入日本原有的神祇信仰的话语体系。文章的创新之处在于从疫病祭祀的角度对三个祭祀进行整体把握,发现道飨祭和疫神祭的鬼神观念均来源于中国的"疫鬼",以及日本原有的"神"观念对中国的"疫鬼"观念的改造,从而形成国家的神道祭祀中本国文化与外来文化融合共存的状态。     

The Purpose of the Past: Reflections on the Uses of History

Our respondents, North American and British alike, have provided a series of perceptive comments on our essay “A Peripheral Vision”. They are as wide-ranging as they are well argued and provide ample food for thought on the direction of Communist historiography, not only in Britain but in America and beyond. We want to thank all of them for their informed, often argumentative and sometimes critical collaboration, as well as Dan Leab, the editor of American Communist History, who has made this exchange possible.     

云象、望气、矿藏:“金马碧鸡”传说的生成过程

"金马碧鸡"是我国西南地区重要的地方传说。关于"金马碧鸡"传说的由来,以往研究者提出的自然现象说、矿产说虽有合理之处,但忽略了地理环境和西汉社会动因对该传说的塑造作用,未能解析这一传说的形成轨迹。笔者从多维贯通的视角出发,研究认为:云南大姚一带山区的云象奇观和丰富的铜、碧矿藏资源是该传说生成的基础,在西汉"崇祥重祀"的社会背景下,望气之术则成为贯通二者的思想纽带,并将之解释为一种"金碧其质、鸡马其形",代表金玉之气的祥瑞吉兆。