马歇尔计划与美元霸权的确立

二战结束之际诞生的布雷顿森林体系虽为美元霸权提供了国际制度的平台,但美元霸权地位的真正起步却缘于冷战开始之际的马歇尔计划。通过援助西欧重建,美元实际上在布雷顿森林体系发挥作用之前已全面介入了西欧的经济,并由此起步演变成为战后世界的霸权货币。     

The Atomic Marshall Plan: Atoms for Peace,British diplomacy and civil nuclear power

British policy towards President Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace speech was characterised by ambiguity. The world's third nuclear power, Britain sought to re-establish nuclear cooperation with the United States. Multilateral nuclear diplomacy was of secondary importance. This position is exemplified in Britain's conflicting attitude to the International Atomic Energy Agency which oscillated from warm enthusiasm to qualified rejection before settling on a policy of grudging acceptance. The paper focusses on British reactions to Eisenhower's proposal and shows that the fate of the agency was secondary to the ultimate aim of restoring the nuclear relationship with Washington which was realised in 1954 resulting in a British volte-face concerning the agency's future.     

马歇尔计划与战后法国政治中右化

战后,处于“冷战”前沿的法国成了美国重点争取的对象,而法国的共产党势力始终又是美国的心腹大患,美国必欲除之而后快。通过积极插手战后法国内部事务,美国如愿以偿地坐视法国共产党被赶出联合政府。在马歇尔计划的鼓舞下,法国建立了亲美的中右翼政权,法国政治由此开始向右转。美国成功地实现了从政治上对法国的控制。     

Planting Islands: Marshall Islanders Shaping Land,Power, and History

This paper reframes encounters between ri-aelōñ-kein (Marshall Islanders) and ri-pālle (outsiders) between the 16th and 19th centuries through a ri-aelōñ-kein cultural lens. It applies a deep ethnographic approach and frameworks of cross-cultural exchange and mutual possession to re-present ri-aelōñ-kein engagements across the beach as purposeful attempts to ‘plant’ ri-pālle on land and within genealogies. It argues that, in addition to violence, ri-aelōñ-kein used ‘gifts’ of land and other exchanges to ‘plant’ ri-pālle within their realms and, in turn, augment their social status. While deployed most often by irooj (chiefs), kajoor (commoner) men and women used similar tactics with some success. Throughout, ri-aelōñ-kein made history by deploying aspects of culture to advance local ambitions through engagements with ri-pālle.