新疆地区发现的希腊-罗马文化遗存

本文通过对丝绸之路新疆段发现的一些具有希腊、罗马文化特点的文化遗存进行举例说明,浅议了希腊、罗马文化在新疆地区的一些表现形式。     

Fish and Fishing in the Roman World

This article focuses on two aspects related to fish and fishing. It first discusses the social context for the consumption of preserved and fresh fish, showing that generally consumption of certain types of fresh fish conferred status, whereas consumption of preserved fish, being more affordable, was attested across social strata. The article then moves on to examine the organisation of the ‘fishing industry’, specifically the relationship between fish-salting establishments and the fishermen who provided the fish. Although we have many literary, documentary, and archaeological sources for fish preservation and fishing techniques in classical antiquity, the fishermen engaged in large-scale fishing remain rather elusive.     

Developments in Harnessing and Draught in the Roman World

Material remains of harness elements from different parts of the Roman Empire have contributed to a new interpretation of the harness depicted on funerary reliefs of the second‐third centuries AD from north‐western Europe and on other figured documents, such as Trajan's Column in Rome (dedicated in 113 AD). As recent experimental reconstruction has shown, the curved wooden plaques, held firmly in place by a metal bow, may have formed a precedent for the collar and hames developed during the Middle Ages into the form still in use today. The most important innovation was the introduction – no later than the second century AD – of single draught between shafts, replacing traditional paired draught with pole and yoke. There is even some evidence that other elements of modern harness, such as traces and the whippletree, hitherto considered to be medieval inventions, were also known during the period of the Roman Empire.     

Conversion front Greek Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism in the Fourteenth Century

Abstract

Several prominent Byzantines, including the Emperor John V Palaiologos, converted to Roman Catholicism in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. This may seem an odd sort of conversion. After all, if the fundamental tenets of the Christian faith are contained in the Nicene Creed, then Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic believers differ on only one tenet: whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father or from the Father and the Son – the Filioque issue. For a Christian to admit the double procession of the Holy Spirit is hardly on the same level as admitting that Mohammed is the prophet of the one God. Indeed, many members of each church have been willing to call the procession of the Holy Spirit unknowable and leave it at that.     

The Roman City as Articulated through Terra Sigillata

Debates on the nature of the Roman city and its relation to the countryside have recently moved towards questioning the validity of the very category of ‘the city’, both analytically and in terms of past reality. While archaeology has long been mobilized within these debates, this paper argues for the unexplored potential of a range of specialist pockets of qualitative knowledge about specific artefact classes. Terra sigillata, the red‐gloss imperial tableware, is a case in point. By adopting a bird's eye view of sigillata production, distribution and consumption across a geographical and chronological range, this paper develops a new metaphor for the role of Roman cities: as switching devices in the building of networks. By describing the role of cities in structural rather than categorical terms, this metaphor allows for contingency and for the integration of different analytical and interpretive scales.     

古代中国一座罗马人的城市

公元 5年 ,在中国的郡县志中记载了一个用中国最早对罗马的称呼来命名的县城 ,这确实是一件令人瞩目惊叹的事实。① 然而无论是过去还是现在 ,中国人都没有用外国国名来命名自己的城市。在该书中所载的 1 587个城市中 ,只有西域 (原文作Ｔｕｒｋｅｓｔａｎ ,即土耳其斯坦 ,西方学者对古代中亚地区的泛称———译者 )境内的库车和温宿两地是采用外国名称来命名的。我们知道 ,这两个城市都是由外来的移民所居住。② 由此可以推知 ,这座城市 (以汉代对罗马的称呼命名的 )一定是罗马帝国的民众迁徙到中国后 ,定居此地而建立的。③但是这样的结论…