Environment and leisure in Italy during Fascism

While vacation colonies, camps for children and young people, well-equipped beaches and playgrounds, and the first national parks were conceived in Italy during the Liberal period, it was not until the late 1920s/1930s that they were created and transformed by the Fascist regime. This article will analyse the purposes of the use of the environment and protected areas by Fascist organisations during the Fascist regime by different social groups and classes. It will try to answer several questions: how did Fascist mass organisations (youth organisations such as the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) and Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), leisure organisations like the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND), sports associations) relate to environmental space? Which popular activities were conceived for open-air, urban and national parks? How did the relationship between outdoor leisure and the environment develop in the ‘new’ middle class in the 1930s? How did Fascism conceive of the relationship between human beings and nature? The Nazi regime and the US New Deal were the strongest models at that time in terms of the politics of land conservation and leisure time. Did Fascism look to those experiments; did Fascism find its own modern ‘conservative’ relationship with the environment? This article will try to answer some of these questions, mindful of the lack of studies on Italy in comparison with the expanding historiography on the German and American cases.     

意大利与20世纪的法西斯主义

法西斯主义于20世纪初渊源于意大利。墨索里尼作为开山鼻祖,对法西斯主义思潮、运动和体制在国际范围的滋生与泛滥起了先导作用,他于1922年10月率先在意大利建立人类历史上第一个法西斯政权。     

意大利“南方问题”的缘起和发展

一、“南方问题”的渊源 重视发展问题已经成为关注明和未来的一种方式。我国现阶段世界历史研究中,比较关注发展中国家的发展问题,对发达国家中的发展问题注意不够。意大利“南方问题”作为意大利近现代史中最重要的问题之一,早已引起意大利史学界的重视,可能成为同一时期研究最多的问题①。从该问题产生以后到墨索里尼时期,有关“南方问题”的论有20多种②。     

A Daily Revision of the Past: Fascism,Anti-Fascism,and Memory in Contemporary Italy

Recent cultural and political debate in contemporary Italy, which has often been focused on Fascism and the Resistance, has seen an attempt to reconsider the importance of the constitutive moment of the Republic, namely the Liberazione from Nazism–Fascism, and to equate the memories of Fascism and anti-Fascism. The direct consequence of these confused revisionist approaches is either to rehabilitate many aspects of the Duce's regime, or on the contrary to assign this shady page of history to oblivion. The effect of this would be to marginalize anti-Fascism, and even to depict Fascism as relatively ‘harmless’ or ‘apolitical’. The danger is that this trend may construct an artificial and distorted history and thus a ‘manipulated’ public memory for Italian society. The purpose of this article is not to defend anti-Fascism but to restore the reality of ‘Fascism in action’, and to challenge distorted revisionist perceptions of the past.     

Fascism 2

This guest editorial implores anthropologists to take a stance against the strengthening of fascism in Europe.     

试论中间内阁与法西斯主义

“所谓中间内阁,是在要求变革或维持现状这两种相反的主张与行动中,倾向于维持现状,并想使两者妥协而产生的。”1932年的“5．15”事件,为战前日本的政党内阁划上了休止符,此后到1936年“2．26”事件后建立的完全听命于军部的广田内阁止,共有斋藤实和冈田启介两届中间内阁。…………