The Theatre of Navalism in Germany and Britain

Abstract

TWENTY YEARS AGO, the late Victorian and Edwardian navy was the preserve of ArthurJ. Marder. Since then, scholars includingJon T. Sumida, Nicholas A. Lambert, Andrew Lambert, Andrew Gordon, Jolm Brooks, Geoffrey Till, and Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr. have revised our understanding of Bridsh naval policy in the run-up to the First World War and the navy's performance during it. t The flowering of naval history in file English language has not been restricted to British history. For fifteen years, the standard work on German naval policy under the empire had been published by Jonathan Steinberg in 1965 .2 Beginning with Holger Herwig, this field, too, was transformed by, among others, Ivo Lambi, Gary Weir, Lawrence Sondhaus, and Rolf Hobson? Works on other pre-First World War navies include Sondhaus and Milan Vego on the Austro-Hungarian navy; 4 George Baer, Peter Karsten, Ronald Spector, Mark Shulman, and Robert O'Connell on the US navy; 1 Charles Schencking, David Evans, mid Mark Peatde on the Japanese navy; 2 and Paul Halpern on the Mediterranean theatre.     

埃及学:一门近代新兴学科的诞生

埃及学是近代诞生的一门新兴学科,是研究古代埃及的语言、文字、历史、文学、艺术、宗教、建筑和科学技术的一门综合性学科。埃及学的诞生。带来了持续百年之久的考古发掘热潮;埃及象形文字的成功释读。极大地丰富了人们对古代埃及这一人类文明宝库的认识。     

论骑士制度的繁荣期

骑士制度的繁荣时期出现在11世纪末至13世纪初,其主要原因是,骑士制度的经济基础——庄园经济的繁荣期、骑士阶层的力量象征——封建城堡的大量出现期以及骑士制度三原则的最终融合期均在该时间段内。13世纪中后期以降,西欧经济、政治、军事、社会及科技等诸多方面的变化使骑士制度从其繁荣期滑落下来。     

张謇与近代化大农业的产生

20世纪初,以江苏著名的民族资本企业家张謇为代表的中国现代化事业的先行者们,引进西方资本主义经营模式,在江苏苏北沿海地区进行资本主义大农业经营,创造性地建立了公司加佃户(农户)的经营方式,并将这种方式纳入了近代大工业主导的资本主义市场经济体系,形成了具有现代意义的农工商一体化格局,在近代中国第一次成功地将传统小农推向了现代大市场。     

Emergence of the American manufacturing belt: an interpretation

This study proposes that the American manufacturing belt emerged during the antebellum years as a replicated set of regional industrial systems. A broad-based set of demands spurred the growth of regional manufactures, including the pivotal producer durables sector. Eastern regions industrialized first, and they were followed by frontier regions in the Midwest. The relative importance of regional market manufactures declined over time and multiregional/national market manufactures increased. Regional industrial systems became increasingly specialized; the result was higher levels of interregional trade in industrial specialties. The decline of regional market manufactures eroded the bases for the emergence of regional industrial systems by the 1860s. The westward spread of the manufacturing belt ended, and internal differentiation and structural change within the belt were characteristics of late nineteenth century industrialization. The South failed to join the manufacturing belt during the antebellum years because regional demands for manufactures were insufficient to support important regional industrial systems. It lacked the bases to participate significantly in late nineteenth century industrialization.     

近代保险的传入和中国民族保险业的产生

保险是近代中国社会新生的事物。一种新事物能够在社会上产生和生存,除了要具有其产生必要的土壤外,必先具备一定的理论和思想基础。近代中国的有识之士正是通过侵略者的言传身教形成了自己的保险思想和理论。西方侵略者要想达到利用保险业侵略、控制中国经济的目的,首先要使中国人接受保险,缘此,他们开始在中国宣传保险知识。这种宣传包括文字宣传和实际引导。1838年,《东西洋考每月统计传》载文介绍西方近代保险业,从文中我们可以初步看出外商最初向国人宣传介绍保险的情形:且说曾相公如此右思左意,忽有以想来,那外洋舟只来数万里远,海茫…