二十世纪三、四十年代中国钱币学界的领军人物——丁福保

丁福保先生（1874～1952）（图1）生逢变革的时代。早在十九世纪末、二十世纪初,求学时又赶上了时代的潮流,他学过数学、医学、化学、日语,后来又在京师大学堂讲授过算学和生理学,1908年起行医,并创办了中西医学研究会。在那个时代,能有如此卓识,可见他思想的先进。丁先生学识渊博,通古知今,学贯中西,德高望重,在学界享有盛誉,在社会上具有很高的知名度和影响力。     

Factoring Mary Poovey's A History of the Modern Fact

Book reviewed in this article:
Mary Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society     

近代中国博览业的先驱陈琪及其著述

《近代史研究》1998年第1期和1999年第4期分别刊载了梁碧莹教授的《民初我国实业界赴美的一次经济活动——中国与巴拿马太平洋万国博览会》和马敏教授的《有关中国与巴拿马太平洋万国博览会的几点补充》两篇章。章依据国内报刊资料和国外英档案资料，对中国参与此次盛会的情况作了较细致的评述，但对中国赴美赛会监督兼筹备巴拿马赛会事务局局长陈琪其人以及陈琪与中国近代博览业的关系着墨不多，对陈琪所撰的《中国参与巴拿马太平洋博览会记实》一书也未曾提及。笔拟在此作一补充介绍，以期说明陈琪在中国近代博览会史上的地位，以及陈琪述的史料价值。     

海上史诗--郑和下西洋

在1998年的国际海洋年,郑和被尊为人类史上最伟大的航海探险家之一.     

Beyond the stereotypes: Mary Lavin's Irish women

This paper discusses Mary Lavin's place within the Irish literary tradition by means of an analysis of her representations of female characters. It argues, first, that Lavin's short stories depart from the short story tradition in general and the Irish short story tradition in particular by failing to subscribe to the cultivation of the romantic outsider and focusing instead on family relations and social responsibilities. Second, Mary Lavin's marginal position in a feminist or female literary tradition is explained through her unwillingness to portray women as victims and through the absence of a clear critique of patriarchy in her work. The paper then tries to characterise the relationship between individual and society in Lavin's short fiction in a more positive way, by focusing on the notions of individual fate and personal responsibility, which turn out to be crucial to Mary Lavin's philosophy. This philosophy is first discussed explicitly in a reading of the story ‘Happiness’ and ‘The Widow's Son’ and subsequently shown to lie behind the oppositions and dilemmas in several other stories. Finally, the article demonstrates how Lavin manages to realise her Nietzschean belief in an Amor Fati in some of her most positive female characters through a clever use of imagery and point of view, without thereby succumbing to sentimentality or cliché.     

Adolf Beck: A Forgotten Pioneer in Electroencephalography

Adolf Beck, born in 1863 at Cracow (Poland), joined the Department of Physiology of the Jagiellonian University in 1880 to work directly under the supervision of the prominent physiology professor, Napoleon Cybulski. Following his suggestion, Beck started experimental studies on the electrical brain activity of animals, especially in response to sensory stimulation. Beck placed electrodes directly on the surface of brain to localize brain potentials that were evoked by sensory stimuli. He observed spontaneous fluctuations in the electrical brain activity and noted that these oscillations ceased after sensory stimulation. He published these findings concerning the electrical brain activity, such as spontaneous fluctuations, evoked potentials, and desynchronization of brain waves, in 1890 in the German language Centralblatt für Physiologie. Moreover, an intense polemic arose between physiologists of that era on the question of who should claim being the founder of electroencephalography. Ultimately, Richard Caton from Liverpool showed that he had performed similar experiments in monkeys years earlier. Nevertheless, Beck added new elements to the nature of electrical brain activity. In retrospect, next to Richard Caton, Adolf Beck can be regarded, together with Hans Berger who later introduced the method to humans, as one of the founders of electroencephalography. Soon after his success, Beck got a chair at the Department of Physiology of the University at Lemberg, now Lviv National Medical University.