十九世纪末二十世纪初贵州商人阶层的崛起

作为近代社会的基础资产阶段,其主体构成是工业资产阶段,是推进中国现代化的主要力量。但是在中国,资产阶级不是以工业企业家的身份展现于中国现代化的舞台上的,在这个舞台上最先展示其身份的是商人阶层。就贵州而言,近代商人阶层的发育程度、他在社会上所处的地位,其身份的变化和走向,往往能决定贵州现代化的发展进程,商人阶层在这一过程中的所作所为也与贵州现代化的建设休戚相关。     

世纪之交的中国美国史研究——中国美国史研究会第九届年会暨学术讨论会综述

1999年10月28日至30日,中国美国史研究会在南京召开了第九届年会暨学术讨论会。这次会议由南京国际关系学院主办,中国社会科学院世界历史研究所和美国研究所、外交学院、商务印书馆、美国赖特大学和宾州印第安那大学等28个单位的六十多名代表参加了会议,收到论五十多篇。会议除讨论通过中国美国史研究会新章程并选举新一届理事会及其他领导机构外,就美国史的各个方面进行了大会交流和小组研讨。     

遵义会议后中国革命的历史性转折

遵义会议是中国革命的转折点。遵义会议后,毛泽东和他的战友们在夺取长征胜利和努力实现中国革命由低潮向高潮转变的斗争中,取得的主要成就为:一是重新确立了正确的军事路线和组织路线,并形成了以抗日民族统一战线为主要内容的政治路线;二是组成了以毛泽东为核心的党的坚强领导集体;三是促成了全党、全军,乃至整个中华民族的团结与统一。遵义会议为中国革命找到了一条从胜利走向新的胜利的光辉道路。     

"承上制下"与"从左转右":北宋物资转输区域的互动——以东南地区为中心

北宋时期,朝廷在淮南地区运河沿岸州军设置转般仓,这些州军具有了转般粮食物资进京的功能;又先后置发运司于真州和泗州,使其开始具有总管东南漕运事务的职能;盐利也集中于此,同时亦掌控着地方物资的上供经费.其他物资转输区域则经常出现改变转运方式的情形,中转区域改变了起始区域输出物资的运输方式,减轻了部分运输成本.起始区域在加重中转区域负担的同时,亦对中转区域的经济繁荣有促进作用.     

A European Enlightenment in the Promised Land? The Jewish Kulturkampf at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

ABSTRACT

This article discusses the European Kulturkampf in the nineteenth century from the points of view of the Russian Hebrew writer Judah Leib Gordon and the founding father of the Zionist movement Theodor Herzl. Gordon’s literary outlook emphasizes the tension between the traditional Jewish religious leadership and the maskilim as an instance of the sweeping all-European Kulturkampf phenomenon, in which the problem of the rabbis was the last issue that had not yet been solved. He believed that the return of the Jews to the Land of Israel, without the elimination of the rabbis’ authority, carried serious dangers. In his dystopian feuilleton published in 1885 depicting the future Jewish state, he argued that the victory of liberalism was a historical necessity in order to avoid a radical orthodox and nationalistic hegemony. Like Gordon before him, Herzl feared that losing the basic humanistic principles of the Enlightenment the Jews had acquired in Europe would be one of the outcomes of their settling in the Land of Israel. In his 1902 utopian novel Altneuland he declared: “Stand by the principles that have made us great: Liberalism, Tolerance, Love of Mankind. Only then will Zion be truly Zion.” Gordon and Herzl both expressed their concerns in their fictional works, probably wishing that these would serve only as warning signs.