美国版”良田美池桑竹”

<正>从中国来到美国新泽西州探亲,正值春夏之交。远离喧嚣的城市,来到异国的乡下,犹如走进一个多彩的世界。陶渊明在《桃花源记》中写到:"土地平旷,屋舍俨然,有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。"诗意的描述,除"土地平旷""鸡犬相闻"有别于这里之外,其他还挺合适。这里土地不是平坦开阔,而是丘陵起伏,湖泊常见,花草树木繁多。交通要道都是些C型或S型的柏油路。这里无鸡有犬,宠物都养于室内,室外听不到鸡犬鸣叫。房屋确实整齐,都是起脊的二至三层小楼。房前屋后都有绿地,但无菜     

Early African America: Archaeological Studies of Significance and Diversity

This article examines archaeological studies of the cultural heritage and social dynamics of African descendant populations in the United States and Canada from AD 1400 through 1865. European colonial enterprises expanded in Africa and the Americas during that time span, effecting an accompanying movement of free and captive Africans into North America. Archaeological investigations of early African America are remarkable for the diversity of analytic scales and research questions pursued. This diversity of research efforts has yielded a highly productive, interdisciplinary expansion of knowledge concerning African diaspora histories.     

Early Domestic Dogs in North America and Their Origins

Abstract

Archaeologists have contributed much new information relating to types of domestic dogs that were present in pre-Columbian North America. Questions yet to be answered are: Where did the basal stock for these early Western Hemisphere dogs originate? What were they like morphologically? Some reported early canids, particularly those from late Pleistocene deposits, are subject to question as to their domestic role. These and related problems are discussed.     

Warfare in Prehistoric and Early Historic Eastern North America

Recent criticisms of the use of historically and ethnographically recorded conflicts as models for warfare in prehistoric times force archaeologists to reexamine assumptions about the frequency, severity, and effects of intergroup fighting. In eastern North America, skeletons of victims and palisaded settlements—the only information consistently available on intergroup hostilities—indicate that the prevalence of conflicts varied greatly over time and space. Occasionally the attacks, typically ambushes of small numbers of people, cumulatively resulted in numerous casualties.Variation in palisade strength is consistent with the organizational structure and warrior mobilization potential of late prehistoric societies in different parts of the Eastern Woodlands.