莫普司法改革与法国旧制度的崩溃

1770至1774年间,法国的司法大臣莫普进行了一场司法改革,旨在消除高等法院的反抗倾向,重新树立王权的绝对权威,并使司法体系合理化。虽然改革以失败告终,但它构成了旧制度末年重要的政治转折。国内史学论著中很少提及莫普改革,在国际史学界对它的评价则引起了长期的争论。本文在吸收前人研究成果的基础上,力图探讨旨在挽救君主制危机的莫普司法改革如何加速了旧制度的灭亡,促进了大革命的来临。     

古希腊人的自由观念

古希腊人在对自由的不懈追求中 ,也使这种自由观念随着当时社会历史条件的变化而呈现出曲折的变化 :从最初的不敢相信自身的力量 ,用幻想出来的神祗代替人实现意识上的自由 ,到强调社会生活当中的集体自由权利以及对这种自由身份的誓死捍卫 ,再到充分相信人的主观能动性而依据自身认知对世界做出判定 ,最后由于对社会和自身力量失去信心而将世界内在化、完全退入到个人的内心世界当中。这一过程反映了古希腊人在人与自然、人与社会、人与自我关系问题上的态度变化 ,体现了古希腊人的心路历程 ,是开启解读希腊文化之门的一把钥匙     

Translation on Trial: The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) in Sweden

Tracing the international career of the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights to Sweden via France, this article is a study in the translation of politics and the politics of translation. Specifically, it shows how the Swedish translator, physician and publisher Lorents Münter Philipson (1765–1851) reached for it in 1792 to add to domestic arguments against hereditary office, the purpose of which, the article argues, was to revive and legitimise a more indigenous but by now slumbering rights revolution. The article first outlines the reception of America in Sweden and the ways in which Sweden figured in American debates. It then provides a detailed analysis of the trial that ensued as a response to the Swedish translation of the Virginia Declaration. Having reconstructed the process of transmission and the trial, during which the translator was charged with attacking Sweden's monarchical constitution by means of ‘wrongly’ translating the term ‘magistrate’, the article places the translation of the declaration in political context. The contextual analysis shows that translating the declaration at this particular point in time makes most sense against the background of the events unfolding in revolutionary France, which the translator hoped would influence political developments in Sweden and which the authorities sought to suppress.     

略论法国旧制度末期的反启蒙运动

旧制度末期,启蒙运动得到了迅速的发展;同时,对这一思想文化运动及其核心观念的反抗,也一直存在。这就是所谓的反启蒙运动。这场运动的成员成份复杂,既有天主教会、耶稣会和冉森派,也有普通的教士;既有君主政府、王室成员和大臣,也有不少反启蒙的文人。他们在很大程度上利用启蒙运动的方式来反对启蒙思想,他们在出版物、在公共空间与启蒙运动针锋相对,以求影响和主导舆论。在这一过程中,反启蒙运动逐步形成了自己的话语体系。虽然反启蒙运动对于旧制度末期的法国社会产生了一定影响,但是,由于法国社会思想和文化在18世纪发生了有利于启蒙运动的变化,反启蒙运动最终未能阻止启蒙运动的发展。