澳大利亚福利制度的形成

澳大利亚社会保障和福利制度是自20世纪初澳大利亚联邦成立以来的一项基本国策,福利制度的形成是澳大利亚社会改革和现代化发展的重要内容与特征之一。具有本土化扬弃功能的澳大利亚民族意识使这一移植于英国的“舶来品”植根于澳洲,进而形成适合于澳大利亚社会、拥有澳大利亚特色的社会制度,影响深远。     

伊拉克哈希姆王朝的"民主实践"

目前国外学术界流行着一种观点,即伊拉克存在着威权主义的政治文化,历史上没有民主实践.伊拉克历史被叙述为威权主义的延续,其政治动员依赖中央权威的巩固与加强,国家机构是鼓动民众支持政府的工具.实际上持此观点的学者只是关注了1958年以来的伊拉克历史,忽视了1921-1958年伊拉克哈希姆王朝的历史事实.本文[1]认为,伊拉克哈希姆王朝的"民主实践"表现为政党政治的发展与议会生活的变迁."民主实践"虽然随着哈希姆王朝的终结而失败,但在伊拉克历史上占有重要的地位.     

Choiseul: The Making of a Diplomat

ROHAN BUTLER. Choiseul, Volume i: Father and Son, 1719–54. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Pp. xxxv, 1133. $135.00 (US).     

论英国都铎专制君主制的有限性

英国都铎王朝时期的君主制久享“专制”之名,但又绝非东方式的或欧洲大陆式的绝对主义君主制。由于它处在英国封建制度日趋没落、资本主义迅速发展的历史过渡时期,在“王在议会”和“议会至上”的原则已经萌芽的情况下,其权势势必受到法律和议会的限制,而带有浓重的“有限性”特点。     

Sur-i Israfil in Exile: Modern Definitions of Monarchy

After the bombardment of the Majlis in June of 1908, several Iranian constitutionalists were forced into exile—if not arrested and persecuted. An influential group of these constitutionalists continued the publication of the Persian paper Sur-i Israfil in exile, in Yverdon, Switzerland, explicitly opposing the monarch, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar. This article examines the ways and means by which the exiled constitutionalists, in their writings, challenged the monarch and the previously indisputable office of monarchy, and how they proposed to re-define the institution of monarchy. Paradoxically, their marginal setting, writing from European exile, far away from the Iranian borders, did not preclude them from expressing views that were influential in shaping the modern political culture of Iran.     

Provenance of Coals Recovered from the Wreck of HMAV Bounty

Coal samples from HMAV Bounty were analysed using standard techniques to shed light on their provenance. Petrographic analysis indicated they were Carboniferous, with high vitrinite and liptinite content and a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of 0.99%. Palynological analysis indicated the samples were derived from the Middle Coal Measures, Westphalian B. Combining coal rank (vitrinite reflectance), age, knowledge of seam distributions and coalfield history indicates the most like source to be the Durham Coalfield, possibly the Hutton or Low Main Seams. These coals were mined along the valley of the Weir in the latter part of the 18th century.
© 2007 The Authors