从犹太复国主义到后犹太复国主义

犹太复国主义作为一种社会思潮和政治思潮,同早期的犹太宗教文化存在各种内在联系。现代犹太复国主义容纳了不同的犹太思想流派,并赋予犹太教中的返乡复国以时代内涵,借此实现了古老弥赛亚观念的现代复活。以色列建国后,犹太多数派中的强硬思潮长期制约着以色列和犹太复国主义的走向。后犹太复国主义是后冷战时代以色列犹太社会中出现的一种新思潮。它对以色列的犹太种族特征和发展方向及其对阿拉伯人的政策等提出了一系列批判性新观点。尽管后犹太复国主义思潮尚未摇撼传统和极端犹太复国主义在以色列政府决策中的话语权,但它却对未来以色列政治的发展构成了不容忽视的潜在影响。     

Zionism and Judaism: The Paradox of National Liberation

This article discusses the paradoxical history of national liberation and religious revival as manifested in three states that achieved independence after World War II: India, Algeria and Israel. Although the original leaders of all three national-liberation movements—the Indian National Congress, Labor Zionism, and the Algerian FLN—were secular, in the states that they created a politics rooted in what can loosely be called fundamentalist religion is today very powerful. The resistance of the traditional elites to national liberation, which is by definition a secularizing, modernizing and developmental creed, takes on a new ideological form after the achievement of political independence, when the defenders of traditional religion, themselves renewed and modernized, begin the construction of a counterrevolutionary politics.     

Zionism as told by Rashid Rida

Muhammad Rashid Rida, the editor of al-Manar and one of the preeminent Muslim thinkers of the twentieth century, published between 1898 and 1935 dozens of reports, analyses, and Quran exegesis on Jews, Zionism, and the Palestine question. His scholarship greatly influenced the Muslim Brothers and still reverberates in the Arab political discourse today. Based on the first systematic reading and contextualization of al-Manar's pertinent texts, this article examines and explains the radical shifts in Rida's views: from describing Zionism as a humanitarian enterprise of a virtuous nation to depicting it as a plan for ethnic cleansing; from expressing doubts about the ability of the Arabs to prevail against the Jews to proclaiming certainty that they would; and from condemning French anti-Semitism to embracing hateful theories about Jewish conspiracies and vices.     

美国基督教锡安主义的发展及影响

美国基督教锡安主义是影响美、以关系和中东局势的一个重要因素。美国基督教主流一自由派主要出于世俗的、人道主义的考虑而支持或反对锡安主义,美国基督教福音一基要派则主要出于“神定时代论”的末世信仰而支持锡安主义和以色列。美国基督教锡安主义是美国长期偏袒以色列的社会文化基础。其宗教极端主义的成分加剧了中东的文明冲突,阻碍了中东的和平进程。     

The French Radical Right: From Anti-Semitic Zionism to Anti-Semitic Anti-Zionism

This article highlights the deep ambiguities of the French radical right's vision of the future of the Jews. While being hostile to the Jews' integration into the French nation—whose Catholic nature they are alleged to corrupt by promoting Anglo-Saxon liberal and cosmopolitan values—the far right at first manifested sympathy for Zionism, the perfect solution for expelling the Jews. At the same time, although it despised Arab immigrants in France, it nonetheless had a positive view of the values of the Arab world, seen as being hostile to money. Subsequently, except for the period of the Algerian War, when its interests seemed to coincide with those of Israel, the far right became fervently anti-Zionist. Today it rushes to the aid of the Arab world (from Palestine to Iraq), which is seen as dominated by the State of Israel, an instrument of international capitalism.     

美利坚文明的历史起源

本文以公司土地的私有化和“共耕制”的废除为转折点,以及由此引起的三大问题,即印、白关系的急剧恶化、对劳动力的巨大需求和管理问题的日益突出为线索,探讨了原来的英国特许商业公司怎样在北美的殖民过程中逐渐发生嬗变,又怎样在解决上述三大实际问题的过程中,一方面在经济上引入雇佣劳动制、白人契约奴和黑人奴隶制,另一方面则在管理上引入贵族的或平民的代议制,进而在内容和形式上为一个正在诞生的新的社会构建起一种独特的结构,从而对美利坚文明的历史起源作出社会历史学的和系统的解释。