良渚——神权主导的复合型古国

良渚文化的社会运作以神权为主导,玉琮是神权的物化,拥有玉琮即被赋予了神权。玉琮的分割表明其授受关系,体现了神权的授受。各聚落所属层级与玉琮的拥有方式紧密相关,并据此区分为四个层级。良渚文化玉琮、玉钺的使用方式体现了权力结构的变化,大致上前期用玉有比较明确的规范,后期用玉规范松驰,揭示出良渚古国前期的政治结构高度集中,"良渚"聚落对各层级聚落保持强大的控制力;后期的政治结构趋于松散,呈现多雄并立的政治局面,良渚古国遂分化为多个古国。     

A State Within the State: The Inquisition in Enlightenment Thought

ABSTRACT

Enlightenment thinkers wrote many pages against the Inquisition. In particular, they widely criticized the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions, which they regarded as the epitomes of cruelty and fanaticism. Both inquisitions were established at royal request and remained subjected to the authority of the kings until they were abolished at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Indeed, therein the kings nominated the grand inquisitors, who were invested with civil jurisdiction for reasons that were at least as much political as religious. However, Enlightenment writers almost always portrayed the Inquisition as the ultimate example of the many ills derived from clerical authority, ecclesiastical autonomy and monastic despotism. Kings and civil magistrates were, in fact, usually depicted as victims of inquisitorial power. This common portrayal of the Inquisition reveals that the Enlightenment idea of toleration was essentially constructed for reducing the power of churches to disturb public peace and challenge civil authority. Thus, this idea of toleration was in effect less capable of denouncing political intolerance, let alone of promoting the separation of church and state.     

论明代社会思潮对小说选本的影响

明代小说选本繁多,出现了许多题材相近的系列选本,编选前代作品结集出版是明代小说发展史上小说与商业结合的独特现象。这与明代出现的复古主义思潮、明代中后期出现的李贽主“情”思想和“商人好货”思想密不可分。     

Religion and the Enlightenment: A Review Essay

Recent studies of the Enlightenment suggest that its relationto religion is far more complex than a simple process of increasingsecularization. The book by Sheehan shows, by examining translationsof the Bible into English and German in the Enlightenment, howreligion was reshaped, leading eventually to the dogma-freeChristianity proposed by Matthew Arnold. Israel's book arguesthat alongside the relatively cautious mainstream Enlightenmentthere was always a radical Enlightenment, heavily indebted toSpinoza, that was rationalist, atheist, and libertarian, andanticipated the dominant liberal values of the present day.Neither of these important studies, however, considers two areasthat remain under-researched: the popular Enlightenment (‘Volksaufklärung’),that is to say, the diffusion of Enlightenment thought amonguneducated people; and the Catholic Enlightenment which flourishedparticularly in Italy, Austria, and south Germany.     

The Platonic Enlightenment

Abstract

Mark Blitz has written an analysis of Plato’s political philosophy that engages with a large proportion of the Platonic corpus. His examination is orientated by Plato’s intention of expressing his views in dialogue form, and animated by Plato’s principle that political philosophy must emerge from the attentive critique of ordinary or political experience. This article raises the question whether Blitz has done justice to the “poetic” (constructed, historical, etc.) character of ordinary experience or doxa, and so of the radical nature of Plato’s political thought.     

叶炜《扶桑骊唱集》钞本的文献价值

晚清诗人叶炜,是日本明治时代最早赴日本从事汉语教学和文化交流的学者。在日本期间交游很广,诗文唱和频繁,是清政府正式向日本派驻使节之前中日诗文交流的先驱者,其诗文交流活动为晚清驻日外交官何如璋、黄遵宪、黎庶昌等人的中日诗文外交导夫先路,回国后编辑《扶桑骊唱集》收入日本明治时代前期日本许多著名诗人的诗作,是研究甲午战争前后中日复杂微妙的外交关系的重要参考资料。《扶桑骊唱集》钞本是叶炜先生去世后,近人根据光绪辛卯（一八九一）南京刻本所钞,时间当在一九零三年叶氏辞世之后。钞本文字简古流关,篇末附俞樾撰《吴县主薄叶君墓志铭》,学界悬而未决的叶炜生平当从此可得稽考,钞本为研究叶炜提供了一样不可或缺的证据。