威尼斯城市共和国的公共空间与贵族政治

文艺复兴时期,威尼斯以其社会的繁荣稳定在欧洲享有盛誉。它独特的地理环境,以及发展成熟、高度集中的城市公共空间是其贵族政府实施社会管理的良好舞台。本文从威尼斯城市公共空间的形成历史和现状入手,以广场、街道以及剧院为具体事例,分析贵族政府管理城市公共空间的方式,指出在文艺复兴时期,威尼斯公共空间的主要作用为:1.培养民众的城市认同感;2.宣传贵族政治思想,树立和维护共和国独立、稳定、和谐的形象;3.抑制私人势力膨胀,缓解社会危机。这些手段成功地使威尼斯的城市社会生活不断公共化,城市的公共空间的发展凌驾于私人空间之上。     

The Medical Periodicals of J.C. Tode and the Idea of Public Health

In 1770 ‘Den medicinske Tilskuer’ (The Medical Spectator) was published in Copenhagen. The man behind it was the surgeon, physician and poet Johann Clemens Tode. This was the first of 16 journals in total on health and medicine that Tode was to write, edit and publish until his death in 1806. With his journals, Tode contributed significantly to making health a public issue. This implies conceptualizing health and medicine as reaching beyond the private sphere and individual lives, to rather concerning society at large. To understand the late 18th century, it is equally important to see that the idea of ‘public health’ also implies the existence of a public sphere. The article argues that Tode’s journals contributed to the making of such a public and that he did so by addressing its health. It investigates how the readers and – more generally – the public were staged and produced in Tode’s medical periodicals. The object of investigation is not primarily the medical advice given by Tode as much as the way it is given, the figures or personae that it is given to and the public that it helped to create.     

美国医学界与1848年《药品进口法》的颁行

《药品进口法》是美国第一部限制伪劣药品进口的全国性立法,是联邦政府为建立一个安全的药品供应链而采取的重要措施,为联邦政府涉足药品管理和保护消费者权利首开先河。转型时代掺假药品问题的凸显和专利药品的泛滥,直接或间接地减损了医学界的"职业权威"。为了保护医学界的利益和增加其职业认同感,美国医学会与州、市和地方的医学和药学社团以掺假药品问题为突破口,展开了积极的游说,推动国会颁布立法,限制掺假药品的进口。医学界的活动得到了国会中医学政治家的积极支持,而院外医学游说团体与国会中医学政治家的联手最终推动了1848年《药品进口法》的颁行。     

Strengthening the Role of Public Health in Environmental Policy

Over the past 25 years there has been a steady decline in the role of public health agencies in environmental protection. This paper examines the major factors that have contributed to that decline, including the impact of federal environmental laws, the disparity in funding between regulatory and public health activities in environmental protection, and the emergence of risk assessment as a basis for environmental decisions. The methods of risk assessment and traditional public health approaches are contrasted, and the advantages of the involvement of public health agencies are discussed. Recommendations are presented for strengthening the role of public health in environmental decisionmaking to address more effectively public concerns about environmental risks.     

South Africa and the African Renaissance

This article addresses the question of the new South Africa's relationships with other countries in Africa in the context of the idea of an 'African Renaissance' which has recently gained currency. The authors identify two opposing conceptions of Africa's development, which they call 'globalist' and 'Africanist' respectively, and explore the tensions besetting South Africa's participation in an 'Africanist' project. They discuss the dilemma of South Africa's role on the continent as both an obvious and an impossible candidate for leadership, and argue for an 'Africanist' and post-structuralist approach to the political, economic and cultural development of the African continent.     

Geographical Aspects of Public Health

A review of Soviet research in medical geography stresses that in addition to study of the geography of disease and its causes of propagation, Soviet medical geographers are also concerned with identifying the natural factors that have a beneficial effect on the health of man. Five current research trends are outlined. For previous material on medical geography, see Soviet Geography, October 1962.     

试论文艺复兴时期戏剧中的古典源流及其人本精神

文艺复兴是欧洲戏剧发展史上的黄金时代。借助大量古典作品的翻译 ,文艺复兴戏剧家不仅从内容、形式上模仿古典戏剧 ,而且通过研究古典戏剧理论 ,创造出四种新的戏剧类型。同时 ,在创作过程中 ,戏剧家把人本精神和对现实生活的感受融入剧作中 ,使作品更多地反映人的天性及社会生活 ,具有鲜明的时代特色 ,文艺复兴戏剧因之超越了古典戏剧成就 ,为近代欧洲戏剧发展奠定了基础。