The United States and the Question of the Greco-Turkish War, 1919–1922

Abstract

In the post World War II era, the strain in the trilateral relation between the United States, Greece and Turkey is one of the most disquieting and vexatious elements to emerge from American foreign policy. The so-called southeastern flank of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is currently beset with tensions that threaten to impede its contributory role in NATO's overall defense strategy for southeastern Europe (if they have not already done so). In this political drama, the principal antagonists, Greece and Turkey, have a number of outstanding differences which on occasion have brought them to the precipice of war. As a result, the United States has intervened as the protagonist and consequently has become the recipient of the enmity of these two NATO allies for not recognizing their ‘special’ claims or interests. As in the characteristic classical Greek drama, the chorus of NATO partners offer a common chant: they are united in proclaiming that the current state of affairs seems to portend failure to the concerted effort to defend Western Europe.     

The North American Folk Revival: Nation and Identity in the United States and Canada, 1945–1980

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The Philippines insurrection and the 1902–4 cholera epidemic: Part II—Diffusion patterns in war and peace

The great epidemic of cholera which swept through the Philippine Islands in the immediate aftermath of the Philippine–American War (1899–1902) spread in two temporally distinct, but spatially concordant, waves of infection. Part I of this paper studied the first wave (wave I, March 1902 to February 1903). Here, in Part II, we explore the manner in which the second wave (wave II, May 1903 to February 1904) diffused through the same geographical areas. Using the cholera reports prepared by the Chief Quarantine Officer for the Philippine Islands and published weekly in the contemporary USPublic Health Reports, the diffusion of wave II is analysed at the geographical levels of province, island and nation. Comparison with wave I confirms that spatially contagious spread dominated in both waves at all spatial scales. However, it is shown that there were important differences between the waves in their intensity, speed of spread and resulting spatial patterns. Amelioration of the disruption brought about by the Philippine–American War may account for some of the observed differences between the two waves.     

Anarchists and national identity: The case of German radicals in the United States and Brazil, 1880–1945

How German were German anarchists in the United States and Brazil? Did the experience of exile and immigration preserve or even heighten a national identity among radicals who openly espoused revolutionary internationalism? Anarchists distinguished between nation and nationality on the one hand, and the state and nationalism on the other. This article examines expressions of nationality by a handful of German anarchist editors and writers from the 1880s to the end of World War II. They wanted to be stateless, but not nationless. This article argues that German exile anarchists in the United States and Brazil expressed a militant, countercultural, antistatist and anticlerical nationality. They were ‘rooted cosmopolitans’: They identified with the international revolutionary tradition and at the same time remained attached to Germany's heritage of radical politics, arts and humanities. There was a remarkable consistency in their commentary levelled against Bismarck, the Kaiser, the Weimar government and the Nazis either in Germany or in the host country. Anarchists advocated for a borderless global federation of free communities and, to that end, rejected nationalism and urged people to stop ‘seeing like a state’ by exposing the false promises and crimes of statism.