张闻天与中国红军从内战到抗战的战略转变

中国红军由国内战争到抗日战争的战略性转变,自红军长征到达陕北至抗战初期,历时两年有余。涉及诸多复杂问题。在这一巨大转变的过程中,时任中共总负责人的张闻天运筹主持,率领中共领袖集团及时提出转变任务。调整军事机制。把握军事发展方向,抉择合宜方略,并为日益迫切的大规模民族战争确立了军事战略方针的基本原则和理论。对此一历史性转变的实现作出了重大的历史贡献。正确认识张闻天的这一重要作用,对于此一时期红军史乃至中共党史的研究。均具重要意义。     

War and city size: The asymmetric effects of the Spanish Civil War

Populations are affected by shocks of different kinds, and wars, a priori, may be among the most prominent. This article studies the effect of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) shock on the distribution of population, especially on cities. One of the main contributions of this study is that it underlines the importance of distinguishing between winning and losing sides, an aspect which until now has been largely overlooked. While previous research on war shocks has also tended to be concerned with inter-state wars, this paper concentrates on a civil war. We take advantage of a new, long-term, annual data set. Our results show that, overall, the Spanish Civil War did not have a significant effect on city growth. However, we also find a significant and negative effect in the growth of cities that aligned themselves with the losing side. These results are robust to heterogeneity in the effect of the war shock, measured as war severity and duration. Although short lived, the temporary effect on growth results in a permanent effect on the size of cities on the losing side.