Beyond Ideological Conflict: Political Incorporation of Buddhist Youth in the Early PRC

This essay explores the impact of governance on the Chinese religious landscape during the early years of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) through a case study of the Young Buddhist Association (YBA) of Shanghai. Despite the official atheist ideology of the Chinese Communist Party, during this era of New Democracy the YBA experienced Communist governance in practice as a process of political incorporation rather than coercive eradication. As its Buddhist youth movement not only survived the Communist takeover in 1949 but gained momentum well into the 1950s, the YBA was propelled to the forefront of the Buddhist community in Shanghai and became the most active and influential grassroots Buddhist organization in the early PRC. The case of the YBA demonstrates that incorporation into the new political order of the 1950s had transformative effects on the spatial construction, identity formation, and social dynamics of religious communities that cannot be reduced to steps toward their eventual elimination during the Cultural Revolution.     

论法国七月王朝君主立宪制的建立

1830年革命爆发后,大资产创建了七月王朝．它是法国君主立宪制发展的最高和最后阶段。七月王朝君主立宪制的合法性基础在于它对复辟王朝的政治制度既肯定又否定,既继承又发展,既有趋同又有超越。法国大资产与土地贵族之间的天然敌对关系,则孕育了七月王朝取代复辟王朝统治的历史必然性。由于近代法国长期存在的宪政困境和大资产本身的局限性,致使七月王朝君主立宪制具有难以避免的缺陷。     

斯图亚特王朝早期议会与王权的斗争

斯图亚特王朝早期(1603-1642),以国王为代表的王权与以资产阶级和新贵族为代表的议会之间围绕着王室财政、宗教、外交及议会自身权利等问题,由矛盾到冲突,再到决裂,呈现逐步升级之态势。从斗争全过程来看,王权与议会斗争的实质是主权之争,而以议会处于强势为特征。议会之所以能在斗争中处于强势地位,根本原因在于人民群众斗争的推动。     

From Science to Religion: Justifying French Pacific Voyaging and Expansion in the Period of the Restoration and the July Monarchy

Abstract

What explains the generous state sponsorship of the French Pacific voyages of scientific exploration in the period of the Restoration and the July Monarchy, and what links did these voyages have with the beginnings of a French Pacific empire from 1842? While it is argued that the early voyages owed much to state advancement of science, this goal receded as a reviving France became increasingly imperial minded. In justifying imperial expansion into the Pacific, the French monarchy turned increasingly to another source of national identity and global influence: the activities of French missionaries. Though the promotion of French missions did not constitute a primary goal of French Pacific expeditions, their reports helped to strengthen the alliance between French missions and an increasingly expansionist state. Ironically it was the voyagers’ attention to religion rather than science that was to be more directly linked with the foundations of a French Pacific empire.     

The Expansion of Emergency Powers: Social Conflict and the Military in Indonesia

The exercise of emergency powers is always controversial. This article identifies the expansion of the type and scope of emergency powers through legislative reform. It does so by examining the Indonesian Law on Social Conflict 2012, which allows a state of social conflict to be declared at the national, regional or local level in response to social conflict, such as conflict between religious or ethnic communities. The deliberate choice of the term “state of social conflict”, rather than “state of emergency”, is an attempt to obscure the nature of these powers. Analysis of these powers and the debate that has ensued suggests that the law expands the types of situation in which powers usually only reserved for an emergency are used, and by delegating this power to local authorities, the law in effect amounts to the expansion of emergency powers. I suggest that this should lead to renewed focus on meaningful limits and checks on the exercise of power during times of emergency.     

The Limits of Napoleonic Centralization: Notables and Local Government in the Department of the Isere from the Consulate to the beginning of the July Monarchy

The law of 28 Pluviôse VIII (17 February 1800), whichinstalled a new administrative regime in France, appeared toestablish an extremely centralized system in which the notablesfulfilled no more than an honorific function. The Napoleonicperiod is thus regarded as the apogee of administrative centralization.On the basis of a study of the Isère from the Consulateto the July Monarchy, however, this article seeks to show thereality of elite participation in local affairs, the existenceof a ‘système des notables’ from the timeof Napoleon onwards, and the fundamental continuity in thisrespect with succeeding regimes. The notables did not hesitateto lobby the government in order to defend the interests ofthe department when this was necessary. They also played anessential role in the conduct of local administration and exerciseda decisive influence over the choice of local officials beforethe advent of elections in the 1830s.     

论德国政治现代化初期的“防御性”特征

德国早期政治现代化道路有其特殊性。这种特殊性主要表现为政治与经济发展的不同步,政治长期滞后于经济。从政治现代化角度出发,造成这种状况的原因主要在于：统治阶级采取了适时而进的“防御性”政策,通过在向资本主义社会过渡、国家统一以及建立宪政结构等关键问题上以攻为守的“防御性”策略,驾驭时局,在顺应时势中保障自身传统利益。