Cheating the Censor: Romanian Writers under Communism

Abstract

The Romanian Communist Party enjoyed considerable success in exploiting literature for its own ends. This article asks why those writers who challenged censorship were few in number, and why, even in the final year of Nicolae Ceau?escu’s rule, the chorus of protest was weak. Most Romanian writers failed to oppose censorship, and were deeply marked by it even when they believed that they were ‘cheating’ the censor. In some ways self-censorship proved to be more damaging to creativity than overt repression. The exceptions nevertheless comprise an important category, deserving examination and recognition. The fall of Communism in Romania has allowed a discussion of these themes to be more fully informed and to this end English translations of open letters from a number of writers are appended. Some of these were passed to the author for dissemination in 1989.     

Writers and politics in West Germany

This article argues that Archibald Campbell's Necessity of Revelation (1739) can be viewed as the first application of the ‘science of human nature’, a characteristic branch of the Scottish Enlightenment, to the study of religious belief. Adopting Baconian and Newtonian methodological principles, Campbell set hypotheses, collected historical data, and inferred conclusions about the capabilities of human nature to come to fundamental religious ideas without the aid of revelation. He did so not only to reject the ‘deist’ position on the powers of unassisted human reason, associated with Matthew Tindal's Christianity as Old as the Creation (1730), but also to refute Campbell's conservative critics within the Church of Scotland who had earlier tried him for heresy. Campbell's example is that of a university professor using the experimental study of religion to defeat both radical freethinking and Calvinist orthodoxy. His work is another instance of the complicated relationship between science and religion within eighteenth-century Scotland.     

亚非作家会议与战后中日作家的世界认识

本文以20世纪50年代至60年代开得轰轰烈烈但现在已经被文学史叙述遗忘的亚非作家会议为研究对象,追溯战后中国,日本作家在和亚非新兴的独立国家的文学接近的同时,突破分别以美国,苏联为首的两大阵营对峙的冷战格局,在反对新殖民主义的旗帜下获得广泛开展文学交流基础的历史过程,也对当时中日两国作家出于现实斗争策略考虑,共同回避对近代日本殖民主义历史的反省的时代局限进行了分析。     

近代日本文学家的“东力学”——以芥川龙之介为中心

美国著名文学批评家爱德华·W·萨义德在《东方学》一书中提出了在西方实际上一直存在着与“先进的西方”相对的“落后的东方”,也就是所谓的“东方学”式的“二元对立”思维方式。它在西方国家以东方国家为对象大力推进殖民政策的过程中,已成为一种霸权话语。日本是一个东方国家,但是它在比西方国家落后几十年的状态下学习西方,并发展到以中国大陆为主要对象推进殖民政策。从日本近代文学家当时关于中国的言论当中也可以看出有类似于萨义德提出的“东方学”的思维方式。因篇幅的关系,本文试图通过借鉴萨义德在《东方学》里所提出的观点,重点围绕芥川龙之介这位作家,深入探讨他对中国的一些言论。     

近代日本文学家的"东方学"--以芥川龙之介为中心

美国著名文学批评家爱德华·W·萨义德在<东方学>一书中提出了在西方实际上一直存在着与"先进的西方"相对的"落后的东方",也就是所谓的"东方学"式的"二元对立"思维方式.它在西方国家以东方国家为对象大力推进殖民政策的过程中,已成为一种霸权话语.日本是一个东方国家,但是它在比西方国家落后几十年的状态下学习西方,并发展到以中国大陆为主要对象推进殖民政策.从日本近代文学家当时关于中国的言论当中也可以看出有类似于萨义德提出的"东方学"的思维方式.因篇幅的关系,本文试图通过借鉴萨义德在<东方学>里所提出的观点,重点围绕芥川龙之介这位作家,深入探讨他对中国的一些言论.     

Illustrations of Domestic Architecture,from Popular Medieval Writers

Correlation between features excavated in advance of a gas pipeline, and cropmarks photographed some years previously, led to identification of a Saxon rural settlement, occupied from the sixth or seventh century through to the mid-ninth century. It comprised several interconnected enclosures, adjacent to two main trackways. A narrow strip was excavated through the settlement, and five possible sunken-featured buildings, and numerous ditches and pits, were recorded—most ditches delineated enclosures which had been repeatedly redefined. The pottery assemblage spanned the transition between regional early Saxon and middle Saxon wares. Prehistoric occupation in the vicinity was evidenced by pottery (including beakers), flints and a bronze dagger jragment.     

《中国土族》2003年主要作者名录

一、本杂志社同仁:鲍义志赵得录王文泸辛存文解生才董思源马光星吕霞何文祥辛元戎鲁占奎乔生华毕艳君胡芳二、全省各地学者、作家、作者:李振包福元祝咸录祁正贤朱世奎王湘江程起骏莫自才秦学勤汪春燕苏占国马虎城霍连才张振录王丽华闻采肖黛王来顺辛勤张维珊马有福魏丽萍吴本儒孙树滨李洪民费爱群李竑彭洪胡红文周启迅师守成才旦董绍宣赵宗福董其彪张振中米占良纳成仓马占山苏昂欠石虎李福才吕生寿白永春张秉才徐秀福秦春生秦学章杨琪昌卉海明陈镁张连生赵存禄谢得纯马晓晨李才荣韩纪泱苏亚玲张建国马福仓师延智马海瑛张宝贵车贤仁卓玛永贞…     

院政时期的和汉作家的和歌表现手法--在良和资隆

Ⅰはじめに 古来、和歌と汉诗文双方をよくした、いわゆる和汉兼作の歌人は少なくないが、特に大江匡房などは意外なはど和歌において古来、和歌こ汉诗文双方をょくした、ぃゎゅゐ和汉兼作の歌人受容に慎重でぁるように见受けろれる(注一).それは、汉诗文の和歌への受容に際し、多くの问题が存在することを熟知していたためと思われる.ここでは、院政期の代表的な文人の一人でぁる菅原在良と、和h兼作家の藤原资隆の二人を例に、前者に汉诗文的な発想が歌作に影响を与う、またそれがどのような问题を孕んでいるのかを探り、後者には和歌における汉诗文受容の手法について考える.