浅论美国革命时期效忠派

效忠派(即托利党人)是美国革命时期一个人数众多、复杂的群体,他们的基本立场是对殖民地的热爱和对殖民地权利的维护.他们既反对1763年后英国的新殖民政策,又反对殖民地从帝国中分裂出去.效忠派的构成复杂多样,几乎分布于每一个殖民地、每一种行业和每一个阶层.许多效忠派采取了积极的行动:参加英军或民兵组织,出版、传播亲英的小册子等.但从整体而言,大多数效忠派在革命期间保持了沉默.许多效忠派自愿或被迫流亡,但绝大多数人得以留下,得到了新国家的宽容与接纳.若以成败论英雄的话,效忠派是失败者,但他们在历史上的角色是不应该被漠视的.     

宗教与美国革命

长期以来,国内史学界在研究和探讨美国革命时,大多从政治、宪法、经济、贸易、黑奴和民族等视角阐述美国革命的渊源和意义,鲜有宗教因素方面的考量。北美殖民地与英国宗主国在两大宗教问题上存在着冲突,宗教在推动殖民地走上美国革命之路方面发挥了重要作用。法印战争结束后,随着英国在宗教和政治上加大对北美殖民地的干预和控制,宗教自由和政治自由成为一枚硬币的两面,两者不可须臾缺一。正是在这个意义上,殖民地争取宗教自由的斗争促进和推动了美国革命的爆发和发展。     

Artefacts,archaeologists and American Indians

Abstract

Archaeologists traditionally have observed the style and technology of artefacts and used this to classify archaeological assemblages, describing the repeated association of artefact groups as a ‘Culture’. We continue to place overwhelming reliance on our ability to derive meaningful information about past culture from artefacts, yet the importance these objects had for the members of the cultural group (past and present) is not adequately considered. The typological approach sidelines the creative role of the artisans, we find out a little about their economy, gain momentary glimpses of their religion, but learn almost nothing about their humanity. Archaeologists tend to focus on the physical, technological or esoteric attributes of an artefact, while indigenous populations tend to focus on the object's ritual or social importance. This is most apparent in the treatment of funerary artefacts. Until recently, many American Indian tribal groups have seen no distinction between ‘grave robbing’ and ‘archaeological excavation’ it made no difference to them whether the dead were disturbed by looters or by qualified archaeologists. By involving indigenous populations in the design, practice and dissemination of archaeological research, we can add humanity to our study of the human past, and take a step toward a truly worldwide archaeology.