“金色牢笼”:美国华人高技能家属移民的“再女性化”困境

在对美国加州旧金山湾区和圣迭戈的田野调查以及对24名女性的深度访谈的基础上,论文以持家属签证移民的华人女性为研究对象,探究其移民后的家庭、工作状况和性别身份的变化。研究发现,女性家属移民普遍面临“再女性化”困境,即在工作等公共生活中的角色被削弱,作为妻子和母亲的传统女性家庭角色被强化。基于新自由主义的签证政策、美国的家庭文化以及基督教文化共同影响了这一过程。而对于来自中国的女性家属移民而言,这一过程既是其移民后合法权利的被剥夺,也是她们对移民前性别文化和规范的“抵抗”。     

性别史和情感史的交融：情感有否性别差异的历史分析

性别史和情感史大约同时在20世纪末兴起,成为当今世界史坛引人瞩目的新流派。从西方史学发展的角度着眼,性别史和情感史的勃兴有着密切的关联。从情感表达的性别差异着手,史家揭示了性别构成的社会性和历史性,情感和性别于是成为历史研究的对象。性别构成的历史演变揭示,男女之间的关系反映了一种普遍和深入的权力关系,在近代社会表现尤为明显。性别史和情感史的联手,揭橥了欧洲二元论哲学思维的不足,有助于重新思考传统的历史分期,检讨以理性主义为前提的近代史学遗产。总之,性别史、情感史及与之相关的身体史、家庭史、儿童史等学派的兴盛,挑战了近代史学的“宏大叙事”,从“由内而外”的角度探究人的自身,涉及历史研究中更为根本和关键的问题,因为人与人之间的情感、身体的交流和互动及家庭、子女和社会的关系贯穿了人类历史的始终。     

清代赘婿家庭地位探析

无后在传统社会是一个宗教、社会和道德伦理的问题。民间社会普遍采用的解决办法是改变或虚拟彼此之间的血亲关系,招赘便是其中的主要手段。与主流嫁娶婚相比,清代赘婚家庭中的赘婿地位通常较低。赘婿在日常生活、登谱造册、改名换姓、继嗣承祧、异子不异孙等家庭实践方面经常遭际歧视和压力。这种歧视和压力既表现在生活世界,也体现在神圣世界。赘婿的家庭地位乃是父权制社会文化建构的结果。赘婿遭际苦楚、歧视的原因与其说是贫穷,毋宁是由于他们属于性别压迫系统中的主导性别。赘婿成为了父权制压迫的牺牲品。     

阿塞拜疆总统女儿 浪漫恋情始于滑雪场

男“财”女貌,是时下流行的择偶标准,即使是“第一家庭”也难逃这一潮流的席卷。阿塞拜疆总统的美貌女儿嫁给了饿罗斯亿万富翁、藏红花国际集团总裁的儿子。这对“财子”与佳人的完美结合,吸引了众人的目光。新娘莱拉·阿利耶娃,是阿塞拜疆总统的女儿。她不仅面容姣好、身材     

交换型代际关系：农村家际代际关系的新动向——对江汉平原农村的定性研究

代际关系是家庭研究中的重要研究领域。调查发现，交换型代际关系的出现已成为目前农村家际代际关系的新动向。这种代际关系以工具理性为主导、交换内容讲究清晰化、交换时间强调即时性，并日渐成为乡村社会中规范家际代际关系的新秩序。此种秩序下，亲代也逐渐生发出自己的生存策略：做乖老人和理性化的反馈。交换型代际关系将亲子关系拉向了冷冰冰的交换关系。这本质上是一场“双输”的博弈。因此，家庭伦理亟待重建。     

宋代的“生子不举”

“生子不举”是宋代东南诸路较为普遍的现象。许多人家“计产育子”,“例只养二男一女,过此辄杀之”,“男多则杀其男,女多则杀其女”。这不仅与封建社会宣扬的仁爱孝悌道德伦常格格不入,也与古代中国多福多子的传统家庭观念大相径庭,对于力图广增丁口以辟税源的统治者来说,     

资讯

《世界考古学》2005年12月第37卷第4期女权主义或非女权主义考古学家均按照生物学上的性别分类使用人类骨骼推论不同文化中的性别概念;但是这种将“性别”和“性”简单划等号的作法并非完全正确。最近在社会科学界爆发了一场争论,主要是关于这两个概念的发展、历史定义以及文化关联的。有趣的是,在这场争论中,人们听不到骨骼分析专家的声音。     

女性民俗与社会和谐——以温州市为例

一、女性民俗概述 民俗作为传统的“集体无意识”,经由历史凝聚、传承下来,是千百年来人类代代相传的社会生活经历和经验的沉积物。民俗的实质表现了极自然的人性、人情,可以说民俗文化有着最彻底的真实意义。而运用社会性别的分析视角,我们看到女性民俗在社会文化中的真实存在。人类学家认为,基于男女两性在生理、社会方面的差异,在不同的文化规范中引起了生计分工、婚姻、家庭关系和社会角色等方面的两性差异。     

也谈“大女”

在吐鲁番出土的文书中经常可见“大女”一词,有些学者认为:它指“作为户主的寡妇或者单身女性,可能也有一些是替代外出服役的丈夫或儿子而临时作为户主的.她们承担着一定的赋税责任,同时也有一定的机会与外界进行交往.”笔者认为,“大女”主要指家庭子女辈份中排行为长的女性.随着年龄的增长,她可以是幼女、成年女性、已婚妇女,也可以是寡妇.称成年女子为“大女”,这是当地社会上对这类女性约定俗成的一种称谓,不是什么能做“户主”的寡妇或“单身女性”的代名词.在唐代社会里,家中若有男夫,不管在役、在任,注册户籍时必须登记著录,不得隐瞒漏写,反之,将获“脱户”之罪,从“漏口法”治罪.所以,“大女”也不是什么“替代外出服役的丈夫或儿子而临时作为户主的”女性的代名词.依照唐律,对于没有男夫的家庭,让寡妇充当户主,这是国家从征派赋税的角度赋予女性的社会责任和地位.吐鲁番出土的“大女”材料表现出当地在这方面的乡规民约与唐朝的律法完全一致.     

中国古代家庭法散论

家庭是人类社会一定发展阶段出现的社会现象。在初民社会,原始人类的联合是为了在强大的自然面前赢得生存的机会,这时的共同体是杂乱而不稳定的,没有所谓的亲属和家庭。经过漫长岁月自然规律的选择和人类自身的观察思考,逐渐出现了婚姻的萌芽,进而形成血缘家庭。这样,古代社会成为“一个许多家庭的集合体”,而不再是“一个个人的集合”。家族,作为古代社会的细胞出现并成为社会关系中的主要角色。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.