Norse Animal Husbandry in Liminal Environments: Stable Isotope Evidence from the Scottish North Atlantic Islands

ABSTRACT

This paper employs δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analysis of bone collagen to explore animal management at large Norse settlement sites in the liminal environments of the Scottish North Atlantic Islands. The Norse period was a time of social, cultural and economic change; the need to feed an expanding population and the demand for trade meant that domestic stock were a crucial resource. Our results indicate that rearing animals in these challenging insular environments required careful management. At all sites, the diet and movement of domestic cattle and sheep were highly similar and carefully controlled and, despite many of the analysed settlements lying close to the coast, there was no use of shorefront grazing or fodder resources. In contrast, pig rearing strategies varied across the island groups. In the Western Isles pig diets were diverse, indicative of household or ad hoc management, whilst on Orkney all pigs consumed a more restricted diet based primarily on terrestrial protein. A comparison of red deer with domestic stock on the Western Isles indicates that both groups were exploiting similar grazing niches.     

16～17世纪西欧社会的"猎巫"

16～17世纪巫术案件在西欧大量出现,期间大量的巫师被投进监狱,其中很多人被烧死在火刑柱上。16～17世纪时的西欧进入了转型时期,当时的西欧社会正处于极度的无序之中,而对"猎巫"的研究可以加深我们对西欧社会转型问题的理解。     

Baculum fracture in carnivores: osteological,behavioural and cultural implications

A type of trauma, relatively rare in zooarchaeological assemblages, is discussed in this paper. Interspecific differences in morphology and behaviour influence aetiology, taphonomy and interpretation of baculum fractures in carnivores. An example of walrus is explored to illustrate general implications of these differences. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西欧都市旅游免费信息的观察与思考——以德国、奥地利和荷兰若干城市为例

作者借助公务考察之机,对所访问的若干欧洲城市在机场、车站、酒店、游客中心等场所提供的纸质免费信息进行了有意识的观察和搜集。本文详细分析了这些纸质免费信息的类型、内容和特点;针对我国快速发展的都市旅游业中如何满足游客对信息的新需求,提出了其启示和借鉴意义。     

Building détente in Europe? East–West trade and the beginnings of Romania's nuclear programme, 1964–70

This article examines the connection between détente in Europe and East–West nuclear technology transfers through the lens of Romania's co-operation policy in the field of atomic energy in the 1960s. It argues that until 1967 the bourgeoning relations between Western Europe and Romania did not stem from a desire to overcome the artificial division of Europe, but rather from the pursuit of unilateral economic benefits. This situation worked to the advantage of the Romanians, who acquired an important nuclear research reactor from the British by playing West European countries against one another. Afterwards, in order to boost their competitiveness, the West Europeans started pooling their nuclear industries together, although traditional rivalries such as the Anglo-French competition endured. Despite these efforts to achieve closer integration, the West Europeans failed to sell a nuclear power plant to Romania because of internal problems within their nuclear–industrial complexes, and because of Soviet meddling in the internal affairs of its satellites. This research adds to our understanding of Romania's détente policy during the 1960s, while also shedding light on the development of East–West relations in the field of atomic energy.     

Crops and weeds: the role of weed functional ecology in the identification of crop husbandry methods

This paper brings together the results of five present-day studies of arable weed ecology, and applies these to the identification of past crop husbandry regimes on the basis of archaeobotanical weed assemblages. The contrasting husbandry regimes covered by the present-day studies include irrigation and dry farming, fallowing and rotation, intensive and extensive cultivation, and autumn and spring sowing. The weed floras associated with these regimes were analysed in terms of the functional ecology of the species represented. These same functional attributes, that distinguished contrasting regimes, were then measured for the weed species found accompanying crop seeds in two archaeobotanical studies, of the Islamic site of Khirbet Faris, S. Jordan and Neolithic sites in central Europe. Analyses using these functional measurements resulted in the identification of irrigation at the former and in the identification of sowing time and intensive cultivation at the latter.     

对西欧现代化的"内源性"的反思

马克斯·韦伯与结构功能论者否定了直观的历史进化论对西欧现代化内源性的各种论证,而他们自己却也陷入历史进化论的困境。灾变论否定了历史进化论,用偶然性因素或灾变性历史事件来解释西欧的兴起。罗荣渠的灾变论从强调“外因”的作用入手,力图突破欧洲视野。通过对这些思想观点的分析,我们可以得出如下结论:现代社会是在西欧这块地方而不是在西欧传统社会的母体中孕育出的;西欧所经历的现代化进程是一个在世界范围内聚集与融合现代性因素的过程。     

明清时期西北农牧业生产的发展与演变

明清是西北地区农牧业生产结构又一次发生重大改变的时期,随着区域农业开发力度的不断加大,农业生产最终得以取代畜牧业生产,成为区域经济发展的主导产业。     

试析尼克松政府的西欧外交

尼克松总统上台执政时,正值美国深陷越战不能自拔,而当时的国际局势较战后初期已发生了重大变化。为了使美国的对外政策适应这种变化,尼克松提出了以"实力"、"谈判"和"伙伴关系"为三大支柱的新战略——"尼克松主义",并应用于西欧外交,对美国的西欧政策做了转折性调整。虽然尼克松的西欧外交标志了美欧关系史上的一个新时代,但其实施却困难重重。