Peasant Names in Fourteenth-Century Macedonia

Abstract

The historian who is engaged in the study of Byzantine social history is faced with a problem common to pre-industrial societies, or societies in which the majority of the population is both exploited and illiterate. The sources, written as they are by an upper class and largely for an upper class, give relatively abundant information about a small segment of the population, leaving us in darkness about the rest of society. In Byzantine history this is particularly true about the peasantry, which has left us only a very few sources of its own, and rather uninspiring ones at that. The Byzantine upper class wrote its own history, but the Byzantine peasants did not, thus making the task of the modern historian more difficult. Despite these problems, work has been done on both the urban and the rural population of the Empire, and more will probably be done as monastic archives become available. The study of the Byzantine peasantry is of primary importance. For if we are to understand Byzantine society, we must study and understand what happened in the countryside. After all, the Byzantine economy rested on agriculture, and the social relations which determined the fate of the state were, primarily, the social relations prevalent in the countryside.     

利古里亚人与罗马的交往

利古里亚人是一个世居阿尔卑斯山、亚平宁山地区至地中海岸之间的古代族群,素有自己独特的民族历史、文化、语言和风习.在古代地中海世界民族关系博弈的棋局中,利古里亚人与罗马的交往最为重要.从第二次布匿战争时起,罗马开始通过持续的武力征服,逐渐将北意大利和高卢东南部一带的利古里亚人纳入自己的版图.在其后罗马优势文化的浸渍和影响下,利古里亚人如同其他部分蛮族那样,不得不走上了一条最终否弃自身的罗马化之途.     

刘洋阳光出舱

<正>北京时间2012年6月29日10时03分,在经过近13天太空飞行后,神舟九号载人飞船返回舱顺利着陆,降落在位于内蒙古中部的主着陆场预定区域,航天员景海鹏、刘旺、刘洋安全返回,身体状况良好。天宫一号与神舟九号载人交会对接任务获得圆满成功。     

Rome rainfall and sunspot numbers

The accumulated departure from mean (ADM) of the 208 yr Rome rainfall strongly inversely resembles the ADM of sunspot numbers. The ADM for the Bay of Biscay sea surface temperature also strongly resembles sunspot numbers and Rome rainfall. These data suggest that long-term increasing solar radiation warms parts of the North Atlantic Ocean, which in turn affects the fall and winter storm paths resulting in lower rainfall in Rome and conversely, decreasing solar radiation produces the opposite effect. The accumulated departure from mean (ADM) plotting method is used to compare different records of the same length.     

Stobi: A City of Ancient Macedonia

Abstract

A joint American-Yugoslav staff has been engaged since 1970 in archaeological research, excavation, and conservation at Stobi, an ancient city located at the juncture of the Vardar and Crna rivers, ca. 150 km. north of Thessaloniki in Yugoslavian Macedonia. The Stobi Project has been an interdisciplinary undertaking concerned with problems both of the natural and the man-made environments of the people who lived at Stobi and in the vicinity from the 3rd century B.C. to the late 6th century A.C. The report that follows includes an outline of the results of the excavations in 1975 and of conservation work in 1975 and 1976. There is also an account of the 1976 study season, with some commentary on the special studies that have recently been completed or are in progress, and a discussion of plans for future research at Stobi.     

Rebranding the Republic: Rome and the 1960 Olympic Games

The 1960 Rome Olympic Games were held at a pivotal moment in the history of modern Italy and its capital. At the height of the ‘economic miracle’, tourists, international movie stars and entertainers, in addition to a record number of international athletes, flocked to the city to participate in the Games and the dolce vita. As a great ‘national’ project within a global and European context, Rome 1960 offered the organizers and ruling Christian Democratic Party (DC) the opportunity to rebrand Italy and show how far the country had come since the fall of Fascism and the end of the Second World War. While Rome 1960 was a marketing success – Italy’s international reputation was significantly enhanced – close examination of the preparations for the tournament, as well as the Games itself, reveals significant continuities, deep and unresolved political and social tensions, evidence of corruption, and a failure to come to terms with Italy’s recent past and the memory of Fascism. Questioning the extent to which the 1960 Olympics was a turning point in Italian sport and society, it exposes the Italy that existed beneath the sheen: one of stagnation, minimal change, political division and corruption.