The Peasants Revolt of 1381 and the chronicles

This paper contains a textual comparison between the eight accounts of the events in London, June 1381. It reveals a close interrelationship between these accounts, and the author therefore provides a new evaluation of their reliability as a source for the events of the revolt. A stemma is proposed which, among other things, shows that the Anonimalle chronicle should be regarded as a secondary compilation.     

The Peasants Revolt of 1381 and the chronicles

This paper contains a textual comparison between the eight accounts of the events in London, June 1381. It reveals a close interrelationship between these accounts, and the author therefore provides a new evaluation of their reliability as a source for the events of the revolt. A stemma is proposed which, among other things, shows that the Anonimalle chronicle should be regarded as a secondary compilation.     

The Shareholders' Revolt at the Compagnie des Indes: Commerce and Political Culture in Old Regime France

During the 1760s a fierce political struggle developed betweenthe shareholders and the royal ministry over the administrationand continued operations of the Compagnie des Indes. Portrayingthemselves as members of a self-governing commercial republic,the shareholders insisted that ultimate authority rested withtheir assembly and accused the ministry of despotic interferencein company affairs. The ministry, concerned with the financialstability of the company, employed the abbé Morelletto shift the debate from the rights of the shareholders to theadvantages of commercial liberty over the company’s privilegedtrading monopoly. Although the ministry succeeded in endingthe commercial operations of the Compagnie des Indes, the affairhad taken place in the public sphere where the publicist Pidansatde Mairobert and the financier Jacques Necker, among others,extolled the patriotism of the shareholders, condemned the despotismof the ministry, and insisted upon the importance of the companyto France’s international presence. By including an accountof the shareholders’ meetings in his anti-Maupeou publicationsof the 1770s, Mairobert linked the affair to the infamous Maupeoureforms, thereby broadening the patriot attack on ministerialgovernment.     

Law, Patronage and Municipal Authority in Seventeenth-Century France: The Aftermath of the Lanturelu Revolt in Dijon

Popular uprisings have attracted the interest of early modernhistorians but the efforts of local elites to manage their consequencesremain largely unexplored. This article examines how Dijon’smunicipality negotiated the aftermath of the 1630 Lanturelurevolt. Following the uprising, Louis XIII curtailed Dijon’sprivileges, reorganized its municipality, and ordered it toindemnify the revolt’s victims. Over time, however, theavocats of Dijon’s municipal government successfully manipulatedthe Ancien Régime’s power networks—law, localinstitutions and clientage networks—to win a restorationof Dijon’s traditional city government, the reductionof damage claims, acknowledgement of the municipality’sinnocence and reaffirmation of its contested authority. Lanturelu’saftermath, often interpreted as an example of the early Bourbons’growing control over French cities, thus reveals that the lattercould remain dynamic political centres in the early seventeenthcentury and that the state’s expanding apparatus couldbe used to contest royal authority, as well as extend it.     

日军大屠杀期间南京军民反抗问题研究

1937年12月,面对日军的猛烈进攻,南京守军在南京保卫战中进行了英勇的抵抗,显示了中国人民顽强不屈的精神。13日南京沦陷后,日军在城内进行了长达数周惨绝人寰的大屠杀。在南京沦陷后的最初几周内,南京军民面对日军的大屠杀暴行,进行了英勇的反抗,但这些反抗斗争行为,其特点表现为分散和无组织性。在城市沦陷后数周内,不仅中国军队未见有组织的游击或巷战发生,市民们也没有进行较为普遍和成规模的反抗,这无疑是受到当时的历史环境和条件制约的。对此问题进行进一步研讨,并不是为了抹煞中国军民在南京大屠杀过程中的反抗事迹,而是希望能更深入系统地了解和分析南京军民当时的应对状态以及相关背景和原因。     

From Tobacco Revolt to Youth Rebellion: A Social History of the Cigarette in Iran

Focusing on the cultural influence of the cigarette, this paper synthesizes a wide range of evidence to argue that the cigarette was a fundamental primer for Iran's encounter with modernity, especially as understood in the context of western influence. Applying the dramaturgical theories of sociologist Erving Goffman, it is argued that the cigarette is an instantiation of the “sign-equipment” of modernization used to refashion the identity and subjectivity of Iranian men and women. This refashioning has occurred in three distinct periods. In the first period (1860–1930), cigarette smoking was a habit adopted by the Persian elite in an attempt to mediate the encounter with European colonial figures. In the second period (1930–70), cigarettes were leveraged by Iranians who wished to be seen as upwardly mobile. In the final and contemporary period (1970–present), cigarettes have become ubiquitous among the adult population, but smoking itself has become the act of youth rebellion as experimentation occurs at increasingly young ages.     

Early seafaring activity in the southern Ionian Islands,Mediterranean Sea

This paper summarises the current development in the southern Ionian Islands (Kefallinia and Zakynthos) prehistory and places it within the context of seafaring. Archaeological data from the southern Ionian Islands show human habitation since Middle Palaeolithic going back to 110 ka BP yet bathymetry, sea-level changes and the Late Quaternary geology, show that Kefallinia and Zakynthos were insular at that time. Hence, human presence in these islands indicates inter island-mainland seafaring. Seafaring most likely started some time between 110 and 35 ka BP and the seafarers were the Neanderthals. Seafaring was encouraged by the coastal configuration, which offered the right conditions for developing seafaring skills according to the “voyaging nurseries” and “autocatalysis” concepts.     

城市旅游地游客重游动机实证研究——以厦门市为例

本文以厦门这一典型的城市旅游地为例,在文献回顾、网络文本分析和深度访谈的基础上,基于纵向比较的视角,通过实地的问卷调研和深度访谈,对城市旅游地游客的重游动机进行了实证研究。本研究通过因子分析将厦门城市旅游地游客的重游动机归纳为7项动机因子;通过聚类分析,基于动机的差异将重游游客划分为怀旧型、外界驱动型、猎奇补缺型和分享型4个类型。文章最后针对厦门城市旅游的发展提出了若干建议。     

网络话题作为定性数据来源的研究方法探讨——以旅游动机研究为例

本文对利用网络话题获取定性数据的方法、对网络话题的分类、网络话题搜集方法的使用方式和适用范围等进行了探讨。网络话题方法根据研究者参与程度的不同,可分为完全不参与型、一般参与型与强势参与型三种类型,适用于取得多样的、深刻的观点内容。本文的实证研究部分,以网络话题为样本,分析了我国旅游者的旅游动机表达。研究发现：旅游者多数从心理和情感需求角度来叙述旅游动机以及旅游对旅游者个人的影响;我国旅游者的旅游动机主要源于学习、探索、消除心理压力的需要。从网友的话题中还发现：旅游和旅行促进了某些旅游者对家与家乡的热爱,即通过外出旅游,认知了“家”的价值与意义。     

‘Grace for the rebels’: the role of the royal pardon in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381

This article focuses on the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 as a means of examining some of the late medieval assumptions about the nature of royal mercy. Rather than adding to the weight of scholarship on the causes and characteristics of the Revolt, this article discusses the views on mercy (‘grace for the rebels’)¹ that were reportedly expressed by all parties during the course of the rebellion. The first section analyses the chronicles and their references to discussion of pardon and mercy during the revolt itself. The second section examines the role of the royal pardon in the subsequent judicial proceedings in the Home Counties — who were the first recipients of pardon, and how were they able to secure royal grace? The final section then discusses the formulation of the pardon in the autumn parliament, and the debate surrounding the course of government policy in the wake of revolt on an unprecedented scale. This article seeks to demonstrate that the Crown and commons shared a common language of pardon, and understood that by framing their discussion in terms of royal grace, they were alluding to a particular kind of idealised relationship between the king and his subjects.