Provincial Officialdom in Late Imperial Russia

In response to escalating social tensions in the late nineteenth-century Russian Empire, provincial officials closed ranks, creating a corporation to defend their shared interests.     

The road to modern Jewish politics. Political tradition and political reconstruction in the Jewish community of Tsarist Russia

This article examines how Maoist theory and practice were imported to France during the 1960s. A syncretic phenomenon, as notions developed in the Chinese cultural context were adapted to the very different Gallic situation, French Maoism proved to be especially influential among students at the École normale supérieure at the rue d’Ulm in Paris, where the Marxist theoretician, Louis Althusser, was teaching. Maoist philosophy facilitated critiques of the Moscow-aligned French Communist Party and its student union; it enabled Althusser's rethinking of the Marxist tradition, and it ultimately provided ammunition for his students’ eventual break with his “theoreticism.” Maoism's fecund contribution to French intellectual culture in the 1960s, helping to lay the groundwork for the events of May 1968, derived principally from its dual theoretical and practical nature. This article highlights two specific Maoist tenants—the inevitably violent nature of revolution and the ersatz-empiricist method of the “investigation”—and suggests how, after 1968, French Maoism ultimately surrendered the former as the latter proved more useful to direct democratic politics.     

辽代后妃与辽代政治

本文首先对辽代后妃在辽朝政治中的作用进行阐述 ,认为其作用有以下五个方面 :辅佐皇帝 ;亲自率军征战 ;摄国称制 ;影响皇帝的选立 ;非常时期代理皇帝处理政事。其次对辽代后妃在政治中产生作用的原因进行分析 ,认为这由以下三个因素决定 :辽代政权结构、风俗习惯和后妃自身的素质。最后对辽代后妃在政治上的作用持点进行分析 ,认为仅是对皇帝的辅助和监护。     

Governors,Provincial Administration,and Local Self-Government in Late Imperial Russia

After long neglect in the Soviet period, the study of Russia's provincial governors and local institutions of self-government is attracting new interest among contemporary historians, who struggle with questions that preoccupied their late imperial predecessors.