试论近代欧洲民族主义及其史学的浪漫主义渊源——以德国为讨论中心

近代欧洲民族主义和民族主义史学的产生,是浪漫主义运动在历史和政治领域的反映。浪漫主义对情感、历史连续性、独特性和整体性的强调,是民族主义产生的思想和情感基础。在启蒙运动、法国大革命和拿破仑战争的影响下,欧洲各国历史学家对本民族的历史、文化传统和命运进行深入的研究,形成了民族主义史学。浪漫主义对个体独特性以及个体与整体协调发展思想的强调,使早期民族主义和世界主义在根本上保持一致。     

The Purpose of the Past: Reflections on the Uses of History

Our respondents, North American and British alike, have provided a series of perceptive comments on our essay “A Peripheral Vision”. They are as wide-ranging as they are well argued and provide ample food for thought on the direction of Communist historiography, not only in Britain but in America and beyond. We want to thank all of them for their informed, often argumentative and sometimes critical collaboration, as well as Dan Leab, the editor of American Communist History, who has made this exchange possible.     

辛亥革命和中国近代民族主义

中国近代民族主义是梁启超在20世纪初最早提出来的,但后来因为担心它会导致要求推翻清政府的“排满”主张而抛开了这面旗帜。民族主义思潮在留日学生中继续高涨,为中国同盟会提出民族主义纲领做了思想准备,但其中有些人又有着浓烈的狭隘民族主义色彩。孙中山先生对中国近代民族主义的巨大贡献在于：不仅把民族主义同民主、民生幸福紧密地联系起来,而且突出地强调民族平等的观念,既不容许其他民族压迫和奴役本民族,也不容许本民族反过来去压迫和奴役其他民族,而是提倡各民族之间的相互尊重、相互合作。     

The Making of '89: Nationalism and the Dissolution of Communist Eastern Europe

Abstract. Designed and delivered as a ‘think-paper’ at the first conference of the Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism in 1991, this contribution has been revised in the light of subsequent developments but retains the essential flavour and format of the original. The primary objective of the article is to identify the most typical and authoritative stimuli promoting and sustaining the rising tide of nationalism over the five years preceding the collapse of communist Eastern Europe in 1989/91, concentrating on environmental threat, demographic flux, the media revolution and the bankruptcy of supra-national authority. The secondary objective is to reflect on how differing evaluations of these stimuli have influenced rival interpretations of the phenomenon of modern nationalism. Experiencing both a ‘resurgence’ and a ‘regeneration’ (but not a ‘revolution') over the last ten years, nationalism is expected to remain a dominant force across greater Eastern Europe for the foreseeable future.