“周氏以降,选无清浊”辨

史载"周氏以降,选无清浊",虽然在一定程度上反映了西魏、北周时期选官制度发生变化的一面,但却忽略了其时选举制度依旧注重门第与官分清浊的一面。西魏、北周时期,九品中正制依然是占据着主导地位的选官制度,并在维护关陇士族和当朝勋贵的仕宦特权方面发挥着重要作用。其时职官制度仍有流内与流外之分,"九命"与"九秩",就是在北魏"九流三清"和"勋品流外"官的基础上发展演变而来,是北周官分清浊的重要表现形式。西魏、北周的清浊观念也十分显著。"周氏以降,选无清浊",并未全面、真实地反映当时选官制度与职官制度的实情。     

洞庭湖变迁的历史过程再探讨

关于洞庭湖的历史变迁过程问题,学术界一直没有取得共识。本文认为,今洞庭湖地区在先秦两汉时期尚处于河网沼泽平原阶段,没有形成大型湖泊;进入魏晋南朝隋唐时期,今洞庭湖地区的湖泊水体得到快速扩展;唐后期至清前期,今洞庭湖地区的湖泊水体面积处于全盛阶段;自清中期以来,随着长江来沙量的日益增加,湖泊进入明显的萎缩阶段。历史时期洞庭湖的形成与变迁主要取决于洞庭湖区的沉降速度和长江干流的来沙量。     

唐、五代至北宋江陵长江堤防考

江陵地处号称“天险”的长江荆江段北岸,江堤的 修筑具有生死攸关的意义。本文主要依据文献资料,对唐、五代至 北宋时期江陵长江堤防的历史面貌进行复原,对有关的某些成说 进行辨析,并指出唐、五代至北宋时期,伴随着区域经济的进步, 江陵一带长江堤防的修建获得了显著发展,江堤保护了社会经济 开发的成果,为开发的进一步扩展提供了条件;同时,荆江水患的 问题也开始显现。     

近70年来中国历史时期土地利用/覆被变化研究的主要进展

历史时期土地利用/覆被变化是当前全球变化研究的重要组成部分。中国拥有丰富的历史文献资料,在历史时期土地利用/覆被变化研究领域具有明显优势,并在近70年取得了丰硕的研究成果。本文从历史土地垦殖与林草地变迁过程、历史LUCC数量重建和历史LUCC空间重建等3个方面,简要回顾了中国历史时期土地利用/覆被变化研究所取得的主要进展,阐述了其由定性、半定量研究走向"三定"(定时、定量、定位)研究的时代背景及发展历程。并在此基础上,展望该领域未来研究的重点与方向。     

中国大运河十大历史河段与申报遗产点段对应关系示意图：大运河申遗一项极为复杂的系统工程

“活着”的大运河 大运河是对横贯我国中东部地区的隋唐大运河、京杭大运河和浙东运河的统称,历史上主要经历过三次大规模兴建。一是春秋战国时期,各诸侯国出于战争和运输需要竞相开凿运河。其中,位于扬州的邗沟沟通了淮河与长江,是大运河河道成型最早的一段。     

历史自然地理研究十年：总结与展望

历史自然地理研究是以历史时期自然环境的变化过程及其机制为主要研究对象的历史地理学分支学科。其主要的研究内容包括了历史时期的气候变化、历史地貌、地表覆盖与土地利用、野生动植物种群演变与医药地理等领域。这一学科上承中国古老的沿革地理学和古典地理学的传统,又与现代地理学、历史学的理论方法水乳交融。既是历史地理学研究中基础性的...     

白鹤梁题刻

白鹤梁上长达1138年的历史枯水记录是长江上游修建现代水文观测站前枯水水文信息的主要来源,不仅对研究长江水文变化以及现代航运及水利工程建设具有应用价值,对于研究北半球气候、气象和环境变迁过程也具有参考价值。     

关于泾渭清浊的通信

关于泾渭清浊的通信柏原：你发表在《丝绸之路》九三年第六期上的《泾渭分明漫想》一文,虽则是『漫想』式的文字,但其主旨仍然是很明白的,即以泾渭清浊的变化,说明人类社会的发展,特别是生产力的发展,对自然生态带来的严重影响。这个话题,对于人口爆炸、现代化生产...     

刘少奇在中原局任职时期的历史贡献

刘少奇在中原局任职时期的历史贡献李新市１９３８年９月至１１月,中共中央扩大的六届六中全会在延安举行。会议决定撤销长江局,成立中原局和南方局,任命刘少奇为中原局书记,领导长江以北,陇海路以南,河南、湖北、安徽、江苏一带党政军民开展敌后抗日游击战争。这是...     

上海港孕育轨迹

上海港孕育轨迹杜瑜历史时期长江河口地区水文条件变化很大,所以这里的河口港一直游移不定。唐代以前长江入海口在今镇江、扬州一带,当时这里河口宽达２０公里,由此向上才稍具江形,向下呈喇叭形。历史上,唐代以前,长江下游的津渡多在采石过江,唐代以后,才多由扬州...     

苏州状元谶背后的环境变迁

自宋代以来,苏州地区长期流传着"潮过夷亭出状元"的谶语,并且屡有应验。这一文化现象虽是地域文化发展的结果,但也有着深刻的环境变迁背景,它较为精确地反映了娄江水利形势的历史变迁。在文献丰富的江南地区,类似材料亦不少见,显然,深入发掘、利用此类文献材料,将有利于历史环境变迁的研究。     

Diatom and dinoflagellate assemblages of the Hawkesbury River,N.S.W., over the last two centuries: evidence for changes in hydrology

Diatom and dinoflagellate cyst analysis of a 77 cm long sediment core from Cowan Creek, Hawkesbury River estuary, N.S.W., revealed changes in the catchment hydrology over the last 266 years. High abundances of the freshwater/brackish diatom genus Cyclotella at the base of the core imply sustained periods of reduced salinity that now no longer occur. Reduction of freshwater flow after approximately circa 1800 (60 cm) has allowed the development of marine planktonic diatoms Thalassiosira spp.,Ditylum brightwellii, Rhizosolenia setigera, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and Chaetoceros spp. Benthic diatom diversity has remained relatively unchanged. The toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, although identified in a cyst survey in April 1995, was not found in the sediment cores. Changes in dinoflagellate assemblage are consistent with the effects of increasing urbanisation and eutrophication.     

Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician faunas from the Chingiz Mountain Range,central Kazakhstan

Tolmacheva, T.JU., Degtyarev, K.E., Samuelsson, J. & Holmer, L.E., December, 2008. Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician faunas from the Chingiz Mountain Range, central Kazakhstan. Alcheringa 32, 443–463. ISSN 0311-5518.

The middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician back-arc sedimentary succession studied in the Kol'denen River and in the Zerbkyzyl Mountains of the central Chingiz Mountain Range is composed predominantly of siltstones, sandstones and volcaniclastic rocks with rare beds of micritic carbonates, black shales and cherts. Fossil assemblages including conodonts, lingulate brachiopods, arthropods, sponges and probable Tasmanites cysts were recorded both from the carbonate and chert beds showing that richly diverse marine environments existed directly adjacent to the volcanic arcs. The Kol'denen River localities contain a diverse upper Cambrian paraconodont assemblage of the open-sea affinity. The representatives of Rossodus, Cordylodus, Drepanodus and Variabiloconus, having an almost pandemic distribution and characteristic of basinal facies, dominate the Lower Ordovician conodont fauna. The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary transition is characterized by chert production that was more likely caused by a local productivity increase than by general changes in palaeooceanographic and palaeogeographical conditions.     

近300年来新疆玛纳斯湖变迁研究

本文在充分分析、利用历史文献记载、精确解读历史地图信息的基础上,结合现代大比例尺地形图、遥感卫星影像资料,以及前人的科学研究和野外实地考察成果,运用历史地理逆向推演法,分析了近300年来玛纳斯湖的历史演化过程,确定了不同历史时期玛纳斯湖的地理位置,弥补了第四纪以来玛纳斯湖演化过程研究的空白,并且对不同历史时期区域自然因素与人文因素对玛纳斯湖流域水文变迁的影像进行了分析,为今后玛纳斯湖周围生态环境演化研究提出了新的研究重点和研究方向。     

历史时期黄河泛淮对淮北地区社会经济发展的影响

黄河长期泛淮使淮河以北地区沧桑巨变。它淤平了河湖 ,吞没了良田、村庄、城市和道路 ,在很大程度上改变了当地的自然地理环境。更为严重的是 ,它给淮北地区社会经济的发展带来了极大的负面影响 ,使原本发达的经济区变为经济相对落后区。     

楼兰古绿洲的河道变迁及其原因探讨西北历史环境研究

在干旱区,地表径流决定人类居住和生存的空间,是环境变迁的决定因素。楼 兰古绿洲的环境演变及其在４世纪末的最终消失都与塔里木河及孔雀河河水的空间分布密切 相关。石器时代至公元４世纪中叶以前,塔里木河与孔雀河合流,经库鲁克塔格山南麓东流,形 成面积广大的孔雀河三角洲,成为楼兰古绿洲繁荣与发展的基础;４世纪中叶,部分塔里木河水 在营盘附近歧道南流,离开了孔雀河三角洲,楼兰古绿洲开始衰败、萎缩;４世纪末,孔雀河、塔 里木河河水全部南流,孔雀河三角洲水源断绝,楼兰古绿洲衰废、消失。这其中,孔雀河三角洲 的自然地理特征是影响孔雀河河道发生变迁的基础因素;人类引流蓄水的捕鱼活动和屯田所 需河渠管理系统的兴废是影响河道变迁的重要人为因素。４世纪中晚期,塔里木河下游与孔雀 河的改道南流是在自然因素与人为因素的耦合作用下发生的。     

Peculiarities of sedimentation conditions in the oxbow lakes of Dubysa River (Lithuania)

Abundant wood remains and buried trees have been found in the western part of Lithuania near Zakeli?kiai and Lyduv?nai on Dubysa River (a tributary of Nemunas River) where deposits are rich in organic remnants and buried soils. In Zakeli?kiai and Skiru?iai sections of Dubysa River oxbow sediments were investigated by various methods (dendrochronological, carbonate, granulometric, pollen and mollusc fauna analysis). In addition, these sections were dated using the radiocarbon method. Samples were collected from deposits of Dubysa River outcrops. The studied oxbow lakes have existed for more than 5 thousand years (from ca. 4300 BC to 1000 AD). During this period organic rich deposits with trees and branches were formed in the oxbow lake. This indicates that at the end of Atlantic, during Subboreal and in the early Subatlantic periods there was a forest growing that contained mainly oaks which were falling down into an oxbow lake and later were covered by sandy and silty deposits. The granulometry of alluvial deposits, as well as the mixture of medium-grained sand and silt show different stages of Dubysa River palaeochannel formation: riverbed and oxbow lakes. Three climate warming cycles were revealed according to carbonate analysis data in all investigated sections. The rheophile thermophilous Holocene age molluscs species Bithynia tentaculata L., Unio cf. crassus Philipsson, Pisidium amnicum (Müller), Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus) have been found. The pollen composition and sequences have been divided into five local pollen assemblage zones (LPAZ) and described according to pollen spectra in each zone. In this way it is possible restore palaeoclimatic coherent evolution, trends and cyclical change.     

淮河中游地区史前人类文化演化过程的环境考古学观察

淮河中游地区位于我国东部地理、气候等自然条件多重过渡地带,又是长江流域与黄河流域、东部沿海与西部腹地之间古文化相互交流、碰撞和融合的重要区域,也是中华文明孕育和发展的重要地区之一。淮河中游地区新石器时代考古学文化的演化过程与全新世气候环境的变迁密切相关。暖干型气候条件有利于史前人类文化的发展,而冷湿型气候环境则不利于人类的生存繁衍。该地区文化的演化过程充分反映了史前人类对全新世气候环境变化的适应性和主观能动性。     

Comments on Graf, Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 2009 “ “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”: evaluating the radiocarbon chronology of the middle and late Upper Paleolithic in the Enisei River valley, south-central Siberia”

Here I present a critical evaluation of the analysis conducted by Graf [Graf, K.E., 2009. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”: Evaluating the radiocarbon chronology of the middle and late Upper Paleolithic in the Enisei River valley, south-central Siberia. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 694–707] of the Paleolithic radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dataset for the Upper Paleolithic sites in the Yenisei River basin of Central Siberia. Graf applied a rating system to the corpus of existing ¹⁴C data for the region, and announced some new ¹⁴C dates. The results obtained, however, are highly biased due to several factors, including prejudice concerning the higher accuracy of the AMS technique in ¹⁴C dating and that ¹⁴C dates from the same cultural component should overlap with plus–minus two sigmas; ambiguities with the subdivision of the Lateglacial period; artificially high sample selection criteria; incomplete factual material; and unjustifiable and misleading statements on the ¹⁴C dating of fossil bones and the issue of Last Glacial Maximum human presence in Siberia. As a result, the conclusions made by Graf [Graf, K.E., 2009. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”: Evaluating the radiocarbon chronology of the middle and late Upper Paleolithic in the Enisei River valley, south-central Siberia. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 694–707] are unconvincing. New analysis is necessary in order to improve the quality of treatment of the original data for the Upper Paleolithic ¹⁴C chronology in the Yenisei River basin.     

The Qingshuijiang Documents: valuable sources for regional history and cultural studies of the Miao frontier in Guizhou

The Qingshuijiang Documents, a collection of private documents written in Chinese, date from as early as the period in which the Qing government began developing the Miao frontier; these documents first appeared on the middle and lower reaches of the Qingshuijiang River and have remained there ever since. The Qing’s efforts to open new frontiers during the Yongzheng reign led to economic and social changes in the Qingshuijiang River valley in southeast Guizhou. These changes centered on the growth of forestry, ranging from planting and cutting trees to shipping and trading in timber. The Qingshuijiang Documents are original records of this historical process and a live reflection of it. Once widely kept in private hands, these documents are valuable not only for research on regional cultural change since the Qing, but also for formulating new perspectives and exploring methods for the study of private historical documents.