殷墟墓葬制度研究述略

殷墟的墓葬制度,是殷人的实际生活和思想观念的一种反映。殷商时代,敬事鬼神,祭祀祖先,成为社会生活中头等重要的大事。人们事死如事生,不同阶级的成员,死后待遇亦完全不同,这一点在殷墟的墓中反映的十分强烈。自殷墟科学发掘以来,对殷墟墓葬的研究便成为研究殷墟文化的一项重要内容。一、墓葬的种类、分期和性质殷墟的墓葬,多为长方形竖穴土圹。这种土圹是在平地上开掘竖穴,至一定深度后下棺椁。棺椁四周一般留有生土“二层台”或夯土“二层台”。以便陈放随葬物,而后再填土夯实。大墓根据运送葬具和器物的需要,又开出数量不等的斜坡墓道。通常在墓     

浙江汉墓中“熟土二层台”现象分析

近年来,在浙江省各地汉代土坑墓中,发现墓室四边有一个台阶式的遗迹,被暂名为“熟土二层台”。以下试对其形成原因和存在作用作一粗浅剖析。 有“熟土二层台”的汉墓,墓壁均系生土壁,墓内用原土回填,并经过夯打。底部四边普遍有“熟土二层台”,底面平整,其中绝大部分基底的前后两头（一般距前后壁50——70厘米）各有一条横向浅沟。此外,各墓内均遗有完好程度不一的葬具板灰痕迹和棺钉。随葬品置于墓室的一侧或一端,个别墓中两者皆有,但不管何种形式,其器物与墓壁均有一定的平行间距。 “熟土二层台”现存高度多在40——50厘米之间,宽度一般为30——40厘米,“台面”不甚平整,有的呈外高内低的倾斜状。“壁面”较垂直,并往往留有少量的板灰痕迹,个别的还     

成都跃进村Ⅰ型木椁墓年代考辨

1996年,成都市青白江区跃进村发掘了6座保存较好的汉代竖穴土坑木椁墓[1].这些墓葬方向一致,排列有序,并且存在一墓多椁或一椁多棺的合葬现象.其中,M1与M7、M8、M9为Ⅰ型木椁墓,被置于同一个长方形竖穴墓坑之中,属于同一墓葬的四个椁室.它们之间用生土或熟土隔开,每个椁室内放置1～2具木棺.因而,似乎可以将其视为"一个家族内几个家庭的多人二次合葬墓"[2].     

宝鸡郭家崖秦国墓地(北区)发掘简报

宝鸡郭家崖遗址北区共发现战国时期秦墓葬37座,与以往发掘的秦墓葬相比较,极少见到与其匹配的秦人生前居址,而此次发现的"聚落型"墓地在宝鸡一带秦墓发掘史上具有重要的学术意义。此次发现的秦墓葬均为屈肢葬式,多为东西向;墓葬形制可分为竖穴土坑墓、偏洞室墓、直线洞室墓三类;葬具有木质棺椁、生土二层台与棚木搭建的棺室,以及瓮棺葬三类。出土器物包括陶鼎、陶釜、陶罐、陶鬲、陶壶、陶甑、铜带钩、铜镜,还有少数礼器如玉器残块、兵器如铜箭镞及生产工具如铁铲等。值得关注的是其中一座秦墓瓮棺葬较为特别,虽然瓮棺器形显现秦文化特征,但同出的一件铲形袋足鬲却是戎式风格,这为最终确定研究该墓地属性提供了重要资料。     

河南三门峡李家窑西周墓发掘简报

2002~2004年,河南省文物考古研究所与三门峡市文物考古研究所联合对李家窑遗址进行了发掘,清理了一批周代墓葬,其中M34、M37较重要。两墓均为长方形竖穴土坑墓,墓底四周有熟土二层台,中部有长方形腰坑,葬具为单棺单椁,随葬器物有陶器、铜器、玉器、石器等。根据墓葬形制及随葬器物判断,两墓应为西周晚期元士一级的贵族墓葬,墓主可能是早于虢国的焦人。     

东周时期关中地区国人秦墓棺椁的演变

棺与椁是墓葬的基本内容,《韩非子·内储上》:“布帛尽于衣衾,材木尽于棺椁”;《管子·尽藏》:“棺椁足以朽骨”。秦人的丧葬习俗曾受到周代传统礼制的影响,棺椁也不例外,在其发展和演变的特征上具有普遍意义。研究秦墓棺椁的演变,则是从一个特殊角度研究秦文化,它对于认识周秦文化的渊源,以及秦文化本身的发展轨迹都具有重要的学术意义。 国人,是指平民和一般官吏。东周时期秦国的势力范围主要在关中地区,因此近乎90％的秦墓都集中在这一区域内。目前除已被发现属于秦国王室的秦公大墓或秦国宗室贵族的陇县边家庄墓地以外,还发现多座秦国国人墓地,累计墓葬达千余座。如宝鸡斗鸡台11座屈肢葬墓;长安客省庄71座东周墓葬;西安半坡112座战国墓葬;宝鸡福临堡10座东周墓葬;宝鸡县阳平秦家沟5座秦墓;宝鸡茹家庄7座东周墓葬;大荔朝邑26座战国墓葬;户县宋村1座春秋秦     

临淄齐墓（第三集）

正本书是《临淄齐墓》系列考古发掘报告之一,收录了12座战国时期的大、中型墓葬和2座车马坑。墓葬平面均为"甲"字形,均有一条南向墓道,墓室有宽大的生土二层台。墓主分属卿、大夫等贵族阶层。其中6座墓葬设置殉人陪葬墓,殉葬多达38人,多为女性。墓中出土的陶礼器组合形式,以盖鼎、豆、盖豆、壶、盘最为稳定,不同阶段的陶质、陶色及纹饰都有所区别,每个阶段各有一套固定内容,脉络清晰。2座墓葬     

商文化墓葬二层台上放置动物腿骨现象与"奠竁"礼比较研究

商文化墓葬的二层台上有放置动物腿骨的现象。本文结合晚商墓葬制度的研究成果对其进行了考察。发现同一墓组或分族的墓葬二层台放置的动物腿骨的种类具有一致性,这或是血缘关系或族在商代社会生活中发挥较大作用的体现;二层台有动物腿骨的墓葬在其所在墓组的同时期墓葬中规模较大,二层台所置动物腿骨种类多少和墓葬的等级没有必然的关系。二层台放置动物腿骨的现象与文献记载的周代"奠竁"礼有相似的地方,但也有较大的差异。     

重庆市云阳县马粪沱墓地2002年发掘简报

为配合三峡工程建设 ,郑州市文物考古研究所于2002年1月～4月对重庆市云阳县双江镇的马粪沱墓地进行了考古发掘(图一)。发掘主要是在墓地的西南部 ,发掘面积2600余平方米 ,清理东周、两汉、六朝时期的墓葬26座 ,出土各类文物300多件。现将发掘情况简报如下。一东周墓葬共4座 ,即M65、M71、M75、M77。(一)墓葬形制均为长方形竖穴土坑墓 ,长2～4 5、宽1～2 6米。墓口大于墓底 ,四壁略倾斜 ,个别墓有熟土二层台。骨架因朽蚀较严重 ,保存较差或已无存。葬具多已无存 ,从个别墓葬中残存的木质棺灰判断可能是以木棺为主要葬具。M71 ,方向155°,…     

重庆涪陵小田溪墓群M12发掘简报

2002年9月至2003年1月,重庆市文化遗产研究院等对小田溪墓群进行了抢救性发掘。其中,M12规模较大,出土器物丰富。该墓为长方形竖穴土坑墓,墓底四周有熟土二层台,葬具为一棺一椁。出土器物有铜器、陶器、玉器、漆器等,以铜器为主,包括容器、乐器、兵器、车马器等。根据墓葬规模及出土器物判断,该墓年代应为秦代至西汉初年,墓主应是巴国王族后裔。该墓是历年来发现的巴文化墓葬中出土器物较为丰富的墓葬之一,为研究当时西南地区与中原的文化交流提供了重要资料。     

性别考古视角中的王因墓地分析

通过统计学分析、定量分析等方法的运用,以性别考古为研究视角,从墓葬结构、死亡年龄、随葬品、合葬墓及二次葬等方面揭示了王因墓地所反映的两性差异。王因墓地两性在墓葬结构、墓室面积、死亡年龄上并未有明显的差别,而在生产工具、装饰品、随葬猪骨、合葬墓及二次葬等方面差异明显。具体表现为:石锛、石铲、石斧等主要为男性所使用,纺轮、石球主要为女性所使用;女性以腕臂环饰为主,男性则以发饰为主;男性以随葬猪下颌骨为主,女性则多随葬猪肢骨;合葬墓中,随葬品多摆放在男性一侧;二次葬多发生于男性墓葬。王因墓地的社会性质推测为母系氏族社会,婚姻形态或处于偶婚制阶段。     

Traces of History and Ethnology in the Local Names of Gloucestershire

Aspects of burial custom in Roman Britain which seem to be influenced by Roman ideas include burials found accompanied by coins, eggs, charcoal, phials, which once contained perfume, and ritual objects, such as jugs and pateras. The implications of these customs are considered together with the significance of symbolism displayed on tombstones. Discussion of funerary ritual, as it might have been practised in Roman Britain, includes the portrayal of the funerary banquets on tombstones. It is concluded, on the evidence available, that burial custom, like religious thought, was a matter of personal choice, partly because the Romans did not attempt to prescribe funerary practice, except in the law relating to the positioning of cemeteries, and partly because of the strong influence of Celtic religious belief surviving in Roman Britain.     

河南灵宝市晓坞遗址仰韶文化遗存的试掘

2007年,河南省文物考古研究所调查并试掘了河南灵宝市晓坞遗址,清理出两座仰韶文化早期墓葬。两墓均为长方形竖穴土坑墓,多人二次葬。其中M1内残存79具个体,M2残存17具个体。三门峡地区很少发现仰韶文化的二次葬墓,晓坞遗址墓葬是该地区首次发现的仰韶文化早期的二次葬,具有重要学术价值。     

饮牛沟墓地形态和社会结构研究

本文根据内蒙古岱海地区饮牛沟墓地的随葬器物,推定了墓葬分期,揭示出墓葬的埋葬顺序和墓地的布局特征,区分了三个按照各自埋葬规则且并行存在的墓区.根据随葬品组合特征在空间上呈现的分布规律,将墓地布局和葬俗相对应,以及墓葬分组与人群相对应,揭示出死者头向、葬式、埋葬规则、随葬的生活用品、装饰品、武器(或工具)、动物骨等在空间分布上的对立与对应,据此推断出该墓地的结构,根据墓地形态和社会分层推断该墓地的社会结构.     

An Ancient and Common Tradition: Funerary Rituals and Society in Equatorial Guinea (First–Twelfth Centuries ad)

In this article, we present the results of the 2011 field season at the Iron Age burial site of Nandá, on the Island of Corisco, located between Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. The excavations followed a survey conducted in 2009, which evinced the extraordinary interest of the site and suggested its funerary nature. The excavations documented three levels of occupation belonging to two different phases, which are known in the region as Oveng (ad 1–600) and Group II (ad 600–1100). The first phase was characterized by secondary burials with rich metallic offerings, which were sealed by a settlement at the end of the period; the second phase witnessed the establishment of a large burial site with primary interments. Similar burials are known from Cameroon and Gabon, but the number of features identified at Nandá and the funerary sequence are quite unique in the region. Here, the evidence will be interpreted in light of Jan Vansina’s theories, where he postulates a common political tradition in Equatorial Africa from which later developments stem.     

Minutes of the Annual General Meeting of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 11 June 2009

Abstract

A total of 119 rock-cut burial caves of the Roman and Byzantine periods were surveyed in the study area, all of which had been subjected to robbing at some point in the recent past. This tomb raiding in the Saffa region has resulted in severe damage to a large number of rock-cut tombs, the desecration of several hundred ancient burials, and in the extraction of thousands of funerary objects from their original context. This study depends mainly on interviews with several of the raiders of these tombs and on a field survey carried out by the author in February and March 2011. The main aim of this study is to address three questions: What are the present and future challenges facing the tombs of the Roman and Byzantine periods in the study area? Could an ethnographical study help us to expand our understanding of the looting history of these burial caves and the kinds of looted objects that were found there? What can such an ethnographical study add to our understanding of the past?     

WEALTH AND POWER IN THE BRONZE AGE OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: THE FUNERARY RECORD OF CERRO DE LA ENCINA

Summary.   As a result of recent fieldwork undertaken at the archaeological site of Cerro de la Encina, our knowledge of the funerary ritual has increased considerably. The funerary record shows a significant concentration of wealth in burials corresponding to the family groups of the highest social status. Dramatic social differences can also be found in the internal organization of the settlement. The locations of burials within the settlement area, under the floors of dwellings, allow us to establish that the settlement space was closely related to the social identity of the families. The high number of burials with double and triple inhumations, in contrast to other Argaric necropolis, also stands out as an important feature of Cerro de la Encina, suggesting that familial relationships seem to be more marked here than at other Argaric sites. All these data are discussed in relation to the funerary ritual of the Argaric Culture.     

Ochre,Ground Stone,and Wrapping the Dead in the Late Epipalaeolithic (Natufian) Levant: Revealing the Funerary Practices at Shubayqa 1, Jordan

The appearance of rich and diverse funerary practices is one of the hallmarks of the Late Epipalaeolithic Natufian in the Levant. Numerous burials at a number of sites excavated mostly in the Mediterranean zone of the southern Levant have fed into the interpretation of the Natufian as a sedentary society of complex hunter-gatherers. Here, we report on the human remains recovered from Shubayqa 1, a well-dated early to late Natufian site in northeast Jordan. The majority of the minimum of 23 individuals that are represented are perinates and infants, which represents an atypical population profile. Ground stone artifacts and traces of colorants are associated with some of these individuals, providing a rare insight into funerary treatment of subadults in Natufian contexts. We interpret the Shubayqa 1 evidence in the light of current and ongoing debates concerning Natufian burial practices and the issue of social complexity.     

Food Rituals and Their Social Significance in the Mid‐Second Millennium BC in the Southern Levant: A View From Megiddo

Ceremonies involving intentional burial of animals with humans are acknowledged to bear religious, social and political connotations, and we explored both the ritual activity and the social trajectory of these activities. To date, these ceremonies have rarely been examined within the context of nearby daily activities. We studied faunal remains associated with intramural burials in comparison with contemporaneous daily life in the midsecond millennium bc at Tel Megiddo, as well as comparison with concomitant extramural burials and locations of public feasts. Our study highlights the human interaction with animals that are not often treated as bearing social meaning or having interrelationships with human, the livestock animals. We demonstrate that livestock animals in the second millennium bc had a significant social role as well as economic value. The choice of animals consumed and sacrificed in these rituals is strongly related to the animal's symbolic potency and is based on the desired social message that the population aims to convey. Finally, the form of luxury food that is found in the Megiddo funerary rituals supports the hypothesis regarding the intramural burials' role in creating and enhancing social family bonds. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河北临城补要唐墓发掘简报

补要村遗址位于河北省临城县东镇补要村东南部,2007年7月至2008年1月北京大学考古文博学院对其进行了较大规模的发掘,发现了大量的仰韶文化晚期、先商文化时期、中晚商时期和汉唐时期的遗存。此次报道了4座较重要的唐墓,4座唐墓出土的器物有釉陶器、陶器、瓷器、铜器、骨器等。这4座唐墓为研究邢台地区唐代墓葬形制、出土器物和葬俗等提供了重要的实物资料。